Voclosporin

Last updated

Contents

Voclosporin
Voclosporin.svg
Names
Systematic IUPAC name
(3S,6S,9S,12R,15S,18S,21S,24S,30S,33S)-30-Ethyl-33-[(1R,2R,4E)-1-hydroxy-2-methylhepta-4,6-dien-1-yl]-1,4,7,10,12,15,19,25,28-nonamethyl-6,9,18,24-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-3,21-di(propan-2-yl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-undecaazacyclotritriacontane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-undecone
Other names
VCS, ISA247, Luveniq
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C63H111N11O12/c1-25-27-28-29-41(15)53(76)52-57(80)66-44(26-2)59(82)68(18)34-49(75)69(19)45(30-35(3)4)56(79)67-50(39(11)12)62(85)70(20)46(31-36(5)6)55(78)64-42(16)54(77)65-43(17)58(81)71(21)47(32-37(7)8)60(83)72(22)48(33-38(9)10)61(84)73(23)51(40(13)14)63(86)74(52)24/h25,27-28,35-48,50-53,76H,1,26,29-34H2,2-24H3,(H,64,78)(H,65,77)(H,66,80)(H,67,79)/b28-27+/t41-,42+,43-,44+,45+,46+,47+,48+,50+,51+,52+,53-/m1/s1
    Key: BICRTLVBTLFLRD-PTWUADNWSA-N
  • InChI=1/C63H111N11O12/c1-25-27-28-29-41(15)53(76)52-57(80)66-44(26-2)59(82)68(18)34-49(75)69(19)45(30-35(3)4)56(79)67-50(39(11)12)62(85)70(20)46(31-36(5)6)55(78)64-42(16)54(77)65-43(17)58(81)71(21)47(32-37(7)8)60(83)72(22)48(33-38(9)10)61(84)73(23)51(40(13)14)63(86)74(52)24/h25,27-28,35-48,50-53,76H,1,26,29-34H2,2-24H3,(H,64,78)(H,65,77)(H,66,80)(H,67,79)/b28-27+/t41-,42+,43-,44+,45+,46+,47+,48+,50+,51+,52+,53-/m1/s1
    Key: BICRTLVBTLFLRD-PTWUADNWBK
  • O=C1N(C)[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N(C)CC(=O)N(C)[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N(C)[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)N(C)[C@H](C(=O)N(C)[C@H]1C(C)C)CC(C)C)CC(C)C)C)C)C)CC(C)C)C(C)C)CC(C)C)CC)[C@H](O)[C@H](C)C\C=C\C=C
Properties
C63H111N11O12
Molar mass 1214.646 g·mol−1
Pharmacology
L04AD03 ( WHO )
By mouth
Legal status
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Voclosporin
Clinical data
Trade names Lupkynis
License data
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
DrugBank
KEGG

Voclosporin, sold under the brand name Lupkynis, is a calcineurin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant medication for the treatment of lupus nephritis. [1] [4] It is an analog of ciclosporin that has enhanced action against calcineurin and greater metabolic stability. [5]

It was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2021, [6] [7] [8] and in the European Union in September 2022. [2] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration considers it to be a first-in-class medication. [9]

Chemistry

Chemically, cyclosporine, a frequently prescribed calcineurin inhibitor, is the source of voclosporin. However, structural changes have been made to voclosporin in order to increase its effectiveness, metabolic stability, and safety. Voclosporin and cyclophilin A combine to produce a heterodimeric complex that binds to and inhibits calcineurin, a calcium-dependent phosphatase implicated in cytokine generation and T-cell activation. According to X-ray crystallography, the sidechain modification at amino acid 1 in voclosporin changes how the cyclophilin-voclosporin complex binds to a surface composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits in calcineurin (the "latch region"); this change in binding results in potent inhibition of calcineurin.The major site for voclosporin metabolism is also moved to amino acid 9, where the resultant IM9 metabolite, which is nearly eight times less powerful than voclosporin, accounts for 16.7% of all drug-related exposure. Contrarily, cyclosporine undergoes extensive metabolism to produce a number of metabolites, including AM1 and AM19, the production of which is greater than that of IM9; in transplant patients, AM1 concentrations and total exposure levels are higher than or comparable to those of cyclosporine, and both AM1 and AM19 have been linked to nephropathy (nephrotoxicity). There should be little competitive inhibition of the parent drug by its less active metabolite due to the low metabolite load associated with voclosporin. [10]

Medical uses

Lupus nephritis is a common form of glomerular nephritis occurring in patients with systemic lupus nephritis. Lupus nephritis commonly leads patients to chronic kidney failure and therefore places an emphasis on early intervention for improving treatment outcomes. It is a significant risk factor for morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus. The management of lupus nephritis comprises immunosuppressive therapy to lessen inflammation and maintain renal function. Guidelines for managing lupus nephritis are provided by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) and the European League Against Rheumatism/European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA). Both sets of recommendations place a strong emphasis on the necessity of lowering proteinuria, a crucial indicator of long-term renal success, and achieving complete renal response (CRR) as treatment objectives. [10]  

Early intervention with voclosporin in combination with kidney response is believed to lead to more positive clinical outcomes for lupus nephritis patients. [11] Thus, voclosporin is used in combination with background immunosuppressive regimen for the treatment of lupus nephritis. Safety has not been established in combination with cyclophosphamide. [11]

Since decreasing proteinuria in the first year of treatment of lupus nephritis is known to be associated with improved long-term outcomes, the available clinical data support the use of voclosporin as first-line therapy in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and low-dose glucocorticosteroid. [10]

Contraindications

Patients who are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed should not take this medication as it may cause fetal harm. [1] Voclosporin is not recomnended in patients with a baseline eGFR less than or equal to 45 ml/min/1.73 m2 unless benefits exceeds risk. Dose should be reduced if the drug is used within this population as well as for patients who are hepatically impaired. [1] Avoid the use of live attenuated vaccines when patients are on this medication. [1] Avoid co-administration of voclosporin and other moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitors and if needed then reduce the dose of voclosporin. Dosages of PgP-substrate drugs should be reduced if co-administered with voclosporin. [11]

Adverse effects

Voclosporin has a boxed warning for malignancies and serious infections. Patients taking Voclosporin along with other immunosuppressants have an increased risk for developing malignancies and serious infections that may lead to hospitalization or death. [1] The most common adverse reactions of voclosporin were (>3%), glomerular filtration rate decreased, hypertension, diarrhea, headache, anemia, cough, urinary tract infection, abdominal pain(upper), dyspepsia, alopecia, renal impairment, abdominal pain, mouth ulceration, fatigue. tremor, acute kidney injury, and decreased appetite.

Glomerular filtration rate decrease was the most frequently reported adverse reaction, reported in placebo (11.3 per 100 patient-years), LUPKYNIS 23.7 mg (37.1 per 100 patient-years), and voclosporin 39.5 mg BID (48.7 per 100 patient-years). With LUPKYNIS 23.7 mg BID, decreases in glomerular filtration rate occurred within the first 3 months in 71% of patients, with 78% of those resolved or improved following dose modification, and of those 64% resolved or improved within 1 month. Decreases in glomerular filtration rate resulted in permanent discontinuation of LUPKYNIS in 14% of patients and resolved in 40% within 3 months after treatment discontinuation. [12]

Pharmacology

Voclosporin is a cyclosporin A analog, similar to cyclosporin A with modifications on an amino acid within one region that allows the drug to bind to Calcineurin. [11] Voclosporin inhibits calcineurin, which then blocks the production of IL-2 and T-cell mediated immune responses. As a result of the calcineurin inhibition, podocytes (cells within the kidneys) are stabilized while inflammation is reduced. Reduction of inflammation within the kidneys prevents further renal damage. [11]

Calcineurin inhibitors in lupus nephritis have two separate impacts on calcineurin activity: immunomodulatory effects on T-cells and stabilization of the podocyte. Inhibition of calcineurin in T cells prevents nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) from moving to the nucleus, which reduces the transcription of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines. This decreases lymphocyte proliferation and T-cell mediated responses. By preventing the dephosphorylation of synaptopodin in the podocyte, calcineurin inhibition preserves the cytoskeleton's stabilizing function and lowers proteinuria. Up to 1 mg/kg, voclosporin inhibits calcineurin in a dose-dependent manner with little to no lag time from the time reaching the maximum drug concentration to the time reaching maximum calcineurin inhibition. Voclosporin has been demonstrated to be a strong inhibitor of numerous immunological processes, such as lymphocyte proliferation, T-cell cytokine generation, and T-cell surface antigen expression, in in vitro tests utilizing blood from nonhuman primates. Voclosporin similarly suppressed a variety of T-cell activities in non-human primates in vivo. In these nonclinical investigations, voclosporin was more effective than cyclosporine., [13] [10]

Pharmacokinetics and metabolism

When administered on an empty stomach, the median Tmax of voclosporin is 1.5 hours. [11] The AUC is estimated to be 7693 ng/mL and the Cmax is estimated at 955 ng/mL. [11] The volume of distribution is approximately 2,154 L and distributes within the red blood cells. The distribution between the plasma and whole blood is affected by temperature and concentration. [11] The protein binding of voclosporin is 97%. The average terminal half-life of voclosporin is 63.6 L/h. The drug is mainly metabolized by the CYP3A4 hepatic cytochrome enzyme. [11] Pharmacologic activity is mainly attributed to the parent molecule itself, with the major metabolite being 8-fold less potent than the parent drug. [11] Exposure is increased in individuals with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance [CrCL] <30 mL/min) and in those with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. population pharmacokinetic analysis in patients with lupus nephritis showed voclosporin to have predictable pharmacokinetics, with no clinically meaningful influence of sex, body weight, age, serum albumin, total bilirubin or eGFR (>45 mL/min/1.73 m2; patients with eGFR ≤45 mL/min/1.73 m2 were excluded from voclosporin clinical trials). Dose adjustment is not required based on these covariates. [10]

Safety

Since lupus nephritis is a serious, disabling, and possibly life-threating illness, it is not surprising to see mortality in lupus nephritis clinical trials. Voclosporin safety information originates from a total of 267 patients who received 23.7 mg BID and an additional 88 patients who received 39.5 mg BID. The majority of adverse event categories were more prevalent in voclosporin-treated patients than in placebo-treated patients. Although similar to earlier lupus nephritis trials, the mortality rate (4.9%) was higher in the low-dose voclosporin group; it was noted that the majority of the deaths took place at a small number of locations, and that more patients were randomized to low-dose voclosporin at these locations. A total of 19 patients (3.0%) died across the three published clinical trials with voclosporin in a total of 631 patients with lupus nephritis, all of which had a treatment duration of about a year. This included any deaths that occurred after randomization up to study conclusion. Overall, patients receiving any dose of voclosporin, including 23.7 mg BID and 39.5 mg BID, and patients receiving placebo (6 of 266 patients, 2.3%) experienced a similar rate of death (13 of 365 patients, 3.6%). [14] [10] [15]

Dosage

Up to 64 mg twice daily (BID), according to pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling, a significant association was found between voclosporin blood levels and estimated calcineurin inhibition. Based on an integrated safety examination of voclosporin in healthy individuals and patients with various diseases (psoriasis, uveitis, and renal transplant) at doses of 0.2-0.6 mg/kg BID, the therapeutic dose utilized in lupus nephritis was chosen. Weight-based dosing was not required in this dosage range, as shown by the linear pharmacokinetic profile, and there was a dose-dependent rise in the frequency and severity of side events. [13] [10]

History

Voclosporin was discovered by Isotechnika in the 1990s. [16] Isotechnika was founded in 1993 and merged with Aurinia Pharmaceuticals in 2013.[ citation needed ] Huizinga led the clinical development program for voclosporin before and after the acquisition—including a shift in the synthesis from one that yielded racemates to one that yields a single trans isomer. Voclosporin is the first oral treatment for lupus nephritis to receive approval in the USA. [17] In January 2021, Aurinia Pharmaceuticals received approval from the Food & Drug Administration to sell the drug Lupkynis. [7] [6]

Society and culture

On 21 July 2022, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Lupkynis, intended for the treatment of lupus nephritis. [2] [18] The applicant for this medicinal product is Otsuka Pharmaceutical Netherlands B.V. [18] Voclosporin was approved for medical use in the European Union in September 2022. [2] [19]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ACE inhibitor</span> Class of medications used primarily to treat high blood pressure

Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors are a class of medication used primarily for the treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure. This class of medicine works by causing relaxation of blood vessels as well as a decrease in blood volume, which leads to lower blood pressure and decreased oxygen demand from the heart.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ciclosporin</span> Chemical compound

Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is a calcineurin inhibitor, used as an immunosuppressant medication. It is taken orally or intravenously for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, nephrotic syndrome, eczema, and in organ transplants to prevent rejection. It is also used as eye drops for keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tacrolimus</span> Immunosuppressive drug

Tacrolimus, sold under the brand name Prograf among others, is an immunosuppressive drug. After allogenic organ transplant, the risk of organ rejection is moderate. To lower the risk of organ rejection, tacrolimus is given. The drug can also be sold as a topical medication in the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases such as eczema and psoriasis. For example, it is prescribed for severe refractory uveitis after a bone marrow transplant, exacerbations of minimal change disease, Kimura's disease, and vitiligo. It can be used to treat dry eye syndrome in cats and dogs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allopurinol</span> Medication

Allopurinol is a medication used to decrease high blood uric acid levels. It is specifically used to prevent gout, prevent specific types of kidney stones and for the high uric acid levels that can occur with chemotherapy. It is taken orally or intravenously.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azathioprine</span> Immunosuppressive medication

Azathioprine, sold under the brand name Imuran, among others, is an immunosuppressive medication. It is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus; and in kidney transplants to prevent rejection. It is listed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a group 1 human carcinogen. It is taken by mouth or injected into a vein.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sirolimus</span> Pharmaceutical drug

Sirolimus, also known as rapamycin and sold under the brand name Rapamune among others, is a macrolide compound that is used to coat coronary stents, prevent organ transplant rejection, treat a rare lung disease called lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and treat perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa). It has immunosuppressant functions in humans and is especially useful in preventing the rejection of kidney transplants. It is a mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitor that reduces the sensitivity of T cells and B cells to interleukin-2 (IL-2), inhibiting their activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angiotensin II receptor blocker</span> Group of pharmaceuticals that modulate the renin–angiotensin system

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), formally angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, or AT1 receptor antagonists, are a group of pharmaceuticals that bind to and inhibit the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) and thereby block the arteriolar contraction and sodium retention effects of renin–angiotensin system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclophosphamide</span> Medication used as chemotherapy and to suppress the immune system

Cyclophosphamide (CP), also known as cytophosphane among other names, is a medication used as chemotherapy and to suppress the immune system. As chemotherapy it is used to treat lymphoma, multiple myeloma, leukemia, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, neuroblastoma, and sarcoma. As an immune suppressor it is used in nephrotic syndrome, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and following organ transplant, among other conditions. It is taken by mouth or injection into a vein.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sunitinib</span> Cancer medication

Sunitinib, sold under the brand name Sutent, is an anti-cancer medication. It is a small-molecule, multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that was approved by the FDA for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in January 2006. Sunitinib was the first cancer drug simultaneously approved for two different indications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acecainide</span> Antiarrythmic drug

Acecainide is an antiarrhythmic drug. Chemically, it is the N-acetylated metabolite of procainamide. It is a Class III antiarrhythmic agent, whereas procainamide is a Class Ia antiarrhythmic drug. It is only partially as active as procainamide; when checking levels, both must be included in the final calculation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Belimumab</span> Pharmaceutical drug

Belimumab, sold under the brand name Benlysta, is a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits B-cell activating factor (BAFF), also known as B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS). It is approved in the United States and Canada, and the European Union to treat systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tesofensine</span> Chemical compound

Tesofensine (NS2330) is a serotonin–noradrenaline–dopamine reuptake inhibitor from the phenyltropane family of drugs, which is being developed for the treatment of obesity. Tesofensine was originally developed by a Danish biotechnology company, NeuroSearch, who transferred the rights to Saniona in 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tofacitinib</span> Medication

Tofacitinib, sold under the brand Xeljanz among others, is a medication used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, polyarticular course juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. It is a janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, discovered and developed by the National Institutes of Health and Pfizer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gemigliptin</span> Chemical compound

Gemigliptin (rINN), sold under the brand name Zemiglo, is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor class of drugs. Glucose lowering effects of DPP-4 inhibitors are mainly mediated by GLP-1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) incretin hormones which are inactivated by DPP-4.

Gliflozins are a class of drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). They act by inhibiting sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2), and are therefore also called SGLT-2 inhibitors. The efficacy of the drug is dependent on renal excretion and prevents glucose from going into blood circulation by promoting glucosuria. The mechanism of action is insulin independent.

SGLT2 inhibitors, also called gliflozins or flozins, are a class of medications that inhibit sodium-glucose transport proteins in the nephron, unlike SGLT1 inhibitors that perform a similar function in the intestinal mucosa. The foremost metabolic effect of this is to inhibit reabsorption of glucose in the kidney and therefore lower blood sugar. They act by inhibiting sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2). SGLT2 inhibitors are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Apart from blood sugar control, gliflozins have been shown to provide significant cardiovascular benefit in people with type 2 diabetes. As of 2014, several medications of this class had been approved or were under development. In studies on canagliflozin, a member of this class, the medication was found to enhance blood sugar control as well as reduce body weight and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Darolutamide, sold under the brand name Nubeqa, is an antiandrogen medication which is used in the treatment of non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in men. It is specifically approved to treat non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) in conjunction with surgical or medical castration. The medication is taken by mouth twice per day with food.

Avelumab, sold under the brand name Bavencio, is a fully human monoclonal antibody medication for the treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Setanaxib</span> Chemical compound

Setanaxib is an experimental orally bioavailable dual inhibitor of NADPH oxidase isoforms NOX4 and NOX1. Setanaxib is a member of the pyrazolopyridine dione chemical series. The compound is the only specific NOX inhibitor that has entered into clinical trials.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abrocitinib</span> Chemical compound

Abrocitinib, sold under the brand name Cibinqo, is a medication used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema). It is a Janus kinase inhibitor and it was developed by Pfizer. It is taken by mouth.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Lupkynis- voclosporin capsule". DailyMed. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Lupkynis EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 19 July 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  3. ↑ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA . Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  4. ↑ Sin FE, Isenberg D (October 2018). "An evaluation of voclosporin for the treatment of lupus nephritis" (PDF). Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 19 (14): 1613–1621. doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1516751. PMID   30207816. S2CID   52196375. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  5. ↑ "What is voclosporin?". Isotechnika. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  6. 1 2 "Drug Approval Package: Lupkynis". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 24 February 2021. Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  7. 1 2 "Drug Trials Snapshot: Lupkynis". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 22 January 2021. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  8. ↑ "FDA Approves Aurinia Pharmaceuticals' Lupkynis (voclosporin) for Adult Patients with Active Lupus Nephritis". Aurinia Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Press release). 22 January 2021. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  9. ↑ Advancing Health Through Innovation: New Drug Therapy Approvals 2021 (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Report). 13 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 van Gelder T, Lerma E, Engelke K, Huizinga RB (May 2022). "Voclosporin: a novel calcineurin inhibitor for the treatment of lupus nephritis". Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. 15 (5): 515–529. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2092470 . hdl: 1887/3458852 . PMID   35763288. S2CID   250091368.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Voclosporin". go.drugbank.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  12. ↑ Oviedo de Valeria J (2 August 1994). "chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/http://www.revista-educacion-matematica.org.mx/descargas/vol6/vol6-2/vol6-2-5.pdf". Educación matemática. 6 (2): 73–86. doi: 10.24844/em0602.06 . ISSN   2448-8089. S2CID   256222263.
  13. 1 2 Abdel-Kahaar E, Keller F (May 2023). "Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Voclosporin". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 62 (5): 693–703. doi:10.1007/s40262-023-01246-2. PMC   10182160 . PMID   37133755.
  14. ↑ Rovin BH, Teng YK, Ginzler EM, Arriens C, Caster DJ, Romero-Diaz J, et al. (May 2021). "Efficacy and safety of voclosporin versus placebo for lupus nephritis (AURORA 1): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial". Lancet. 397 (10289): 2070–2080. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00578-X. PMID   33971155. S2CID   234360852.
  15. ↑ Rovin BH, Solomons N, Pendergraft WF, Dooley MA, Tumlin J, Romero-Diaz J, et al. (January 2019). "A randomized, controlled double-blind study comparing the efficacy and safety of dose-ranging voclosporin with placebo in achieving remission in patients with active lupus nephritis". Kidney International. 95 (1): 219–231. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.08.025 . PMID   30420324. S2CID   53292537.
  16. ↑ U.S. Patent 6,605,593
  17. ↑ Zainzinger V (28 June 2021). "A long collaboration arrives at production". C&EN Global Enterprise. 99 (24): 32–33. doi:10.1021/cen-09924-cover3. ISSN   2474-7408. S2CID   258349212.
  18. 1 2 "Lupkynis: Pending EC decision". European Medicines Agency. 21 July 2022. Archived from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  19. ↑ "Lupkynis Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. 12 December 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.