List of United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania

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United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania occur when voters in the U.S. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania select an individual to represent the state in the United States Senate in either of the state's two seats allotted by the U.S. Constitution. Regularly scheduled general elections occur on Election Day, coinciding with various other federal, statewide, and local races.

Contents

Per the original text of the U.S. Constitution, each state was allotted two U.S. senators selected by the state legislature for staggered six-year terms. After the election of the founding members of the U.S. Senate in 1788, the Senate was divided into three groups, or "classes" (Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3) to stagger the six-year terms of its members. Per Article I, Section 3, Clause 2 of the Constitution, the founding members of Class 1 would serve two years, Class 2 four years, and Class 3 six years. All senators elected thereafter would serve full six-year terms such that one-third of the Senate would be up for re-election every two years. [1] Pennsylvania was assigned a Class 1 seat and Class 3 seat. [2] [3] Since the passage of the 17th Amendment to the Constitution in 1913, U.S. senators are elected directly to six-year terms by the voters of each state at the general election held on Election Day. Special elections may be held to fill mid-term vacancies by electing an individual to serve the remainder of the unexpired term. [4] The next Class 1 U.S. Senate election in Pennsylvania is scheduled for November 5, 2024, and the next Class 3 election in Pennsylvania is scheduled for November 7, 2028.

The list below contains election returns from all nineteen Class 1 and twenty-one Class 3 post-17th Amendment U.S. Senate elections in Pennsylvania, including special elections, sorted by year and beginning with the first in 1914 and the most recent in 2022. Incumbent senators are listed as well as elected senators and runner(s)-up in each election, including major third-party candidates (garnering 5% or more of the popular vote). Parties are color-coded to the left of a Senator's or candidate's name according to the key below. The popular vote and percentage margins listed in the "Margin" column are the differences between the total votes received and percentage of the popular vote received by the top two finishers in the corresponding election (i.e. the margin-of-victory of an elected Senator over the nearest competitor).

List of recent elections

Parties [note 1]

   Independent    Democratic    Republican    Prohibition    Progressive Party (1924)    Progressive Party (1912)

Class 1

County-level results of previous two Class 1 Senate elections
2012 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania results map by county.svg
2012 election, between Bob Casey, Jr. (blue) and Tom Smith (red)
2018 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania results map by county.svg
2018 election, between Bob Casey, Jr. (blue) and Lou Barletta (red)
Election*Incumbent SenatorElected SenatorVotesRunner(s)-upVotesMarginNotes
1916   George T. Oliver   Philander C. Knox 680,451 (56.36%) Ellis L. Orvis450,106 (37.28%)230,345 (19.08%) [5]
1922*  David A. Reed  David A. Reed860,483 (86.15%)  Others 138,377 (13.85%)— [6]
[note 2]
 David A. Reed David A. Reed802,146 (56.04%) Samuel E. Shull423,583 (29.59%)378,563 (26.45%)
  William J. Burke 127,180 (8.88%)
1928  David A. Reed David A. Reed1,948,646 (64.38%)  William N. McNair 1,029,055 (34.00%)919,591 (30.38%) [7]
1934  David A. Reed  Joseph F. Guffey 1,494,001 (50.78%) David A. Reed1,366,877 (46.46%)127,124 (4.32%) [8]
1940  Joseph F. Guffey Joseph F. Guffey2,069,980 (51.79%) Jay Cooke1,893,104 (47.36%)176,876 (4.43%) [9]
1946  Joseph F. Guffey  Edward Martin 1,853,458 (59.26%) Joseph F. Guffey1,245,338 (39.81%)608,120 (19.45%) [10]
1952  Edward Martin Edward Martin2,331,034 (51.57%)  Guy K. Bard 2,168,546 (47.98%)162,488 (3.59%) [11]
1958  Edward Martin  Hugh Scott 2,042,586 (51.21%)  George M. Leader 1,929,821 (48.38%)112,765 (2.83%) [12]
1964  Hugh Scott Hugh Scott2,429,858 (50.64%)  Genevieve Blatt 2,353,223 (49.05%)76,635 (1.59%) [13]
1970  Hugh Scott Hugh Scott1,874,106 (51.43%)  William Sesler 1,653,774 (45.38%)220,332 (6.05%) [14]
1976  Hugh Scott  John Heinz 2,381,891 (52.39%)  William Green 2,126,977 (46.78%)254,914 (5.61%) [15]
1982  John Heinz John Heinz2,136,418 (59.28%)  Cyril Wecht 1,412,965 (39.20%)723,453 (20.08%) [16]
1988  John Heinz John Heinz2,901,715 (66.45%)  Joe Vignola 1,416,764 (32.45%)1,484,951 (34.00%) [17]
1991*  Harris Wofford  Harris Wofford1,860,760 (55.01%)  Dick Thornburgh 1,521,986 (44.99%)338,774 (10.02%) [18]
[note 3]
1994  Harris Wofford  Rick Santorum 1,735,691 (49.40%) Harris Wofford1,648,481 (46.92%)87,210 (2.48%) [19]
2000  Rick Santorum Rick Santorum2,481,962 (52.42%)  Ron Klink 2,154,908 (45.51%)327,054 (6.91%) [20]
2006  Rick Santorum  Bob Casey, Jr. 2,392,984 (58.68%) Rick Santorum1,684,778 (41.32%)708,206 (17.36%) [21]
2012  Bob Casey, Jr. Bob Casey, Jr.3,021,364 (53.69%)  Tom Smith 2,509,132 (44.59%)512,232 (9.10%) [22]
2018  Bob Casey, Jr. Bob Casey, Jr.2,792,437 (55.74%)  Lou Barletta 2,134,848 (42.62%)657,589 (13.12%) [23]

Note: Asterisk (*) next to year denotes a special election.

Class 3

County-level results of previous two Class 3 Senate elections
2016 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania results map by county.svg
2016 election, between Pat Toomey (red) and Katie McGinty (blue)
2022 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania results map by county.svg
2022 election, between John Fetterman (blue) and Mehmet Oz (red)
Election*Incumbent SenatorElected SenatorVotesRunner(s)-upVotesMarginNotes
1914   Boies Penrose  Boies Penrose519,801 (46.75%)  Gifford Pinchot 269,235 (24.22%)250,566 (22.53%) [24]
  A. Mitchell Palmer 266,415 (23.96%)
1920  Boies Penrose Boies Penrose1,069,785 (59.98%) John A. Farrell484,352 (24.22%)585,433 (35.76%) [25]
 Leah C. Marion132,610 (7.44%)
1922*  George W. Pepper  George W. Pepper819,507 (57.60%) Fred Kerr468,330 (32.92%)351,177 (24.68%) [26]
[note 4]
1926  George W. Pepper  William S. Vare 822,178 (54.64%)  William B. Wilson 648,680 (43.11%)173,498 (11.53%) [27]
1930*  Joseph R. Grundy   James J. Davis 1,462,186 (71.54%)  Sedgwick Kistler 523,338 (25.61%)938,848 (45.93%) [28]
[note 5]
1932  James J. Davis James J. Davis1,368,707 (49.35%) Lawrence H. Rupp1,200,322 (43.28%)168,385 (6.07%) [29]
1938  James J. Davis James J. Davis2,086,932 (54.72%)  George H. Earle 1,694,464 (43.11%)392,468 (11.61%) [30]
1944  James J. Davis  Francis J. Myers 1,864,735 (49.99%) James J. Davis1,840,943 (49.35%)23,792 (0.64%) [31]
1950  Francis J. Myers  James H. Duff 1,820,400 (51.30%) Francis J. Myers1,694,076 (47.74%)126,324 (3.56%) [32]
1956  James H. Duff  Joseph S. Clark, Jr. 2,268,641 (50.08%) James H. Duff2,250,671 (49.69%)17,970 (0.39%) [33]
1962  Joseph S. Clark, Jr. Joseph S. Clark, Jr.2,238,383 (51.06%)  James E. Van Zandt 2,134,649 (48.70%)103,734 (2.36%) [34]
1968  Joseph S. Clark, Jr.  Richard Schweiker 2,399,762 (51.90%) Joseph S. Clark, Jr.2,117,662 (45.80%)282,100 (6.10%) [35]
1974  Richard Schweiker Richard Schweiker1,843,317 (53.00%)  Peter F. Flaherty 1,596,121 (45.89%)247,196 (7.11%) [36]
1980  Richard Schweiker  Arlen Specter 2,230,404 (50.48%) Peter F. Flaherty2,122,391 (48.04%)108,013 (2.44%) [37]
1986  Arlen Specter Arlen Specter1,906,537 (56.44%)  Robert W. Edgar 1,448,219 (42.87%)458,318 (13.57%) [38]
1992  Arlen Specter Arlen Specter2,358,125 (49.10%)  Lynn Yeakel 2,224,966 (46.33%)133,159 (2.77%) [39]
1998  Arlen Specter Arlen Specter1,814,180 (61.34%)  William R. Lloyd, Jr. 1,028,839 (34.79%)785,341 (26.55%) [40]
2004  Arlen Specter Arlen Specter2,925,080 (52.62%)  Joe Hoeffel 2,334,126 (41.99%)590,954 (10.63%) [41]
2010  Arlen Specter  Pat Toomey 2,028,945 (51.01%)  Joe Sestak 1,948,716 (48.99%)80,229 (2.02%) [42]
[note 6]
2016  Pat Toomey Pat Toomey2,951,702 (48.77%)  Kathleen McGinty 2,865,012 (47.34%)86,690 (1.43%) [43]
2022  Pat Toomey  John Fetterman 2,751,012 (51.03%)  Mehmet Oz 2,487,260 (46.03%)208,334 (4.04%) [44]

Note: Asterisk (*) next to year denotes a special election.

Notes

  1. ↑ As listed on the ballot and in election returns.
  2. ↑ In 1922, a special election and a regularly scheduled general election were held simultaneously for the Class 1 seat. David Reed had been appointed in August 1922 to fill the vacancy created by the death of William E. Crow (who had been appointed to fill a vacancy created by the death of Philander C. Knox) until the election of a successor. Reed was subsequently elected both to complete the term ending on March 4, 1923 (upper row), and to a full six-year term beginning on March 4, 1923 (lower row).
  3. ↑ John Heinz died in a mid-air collision between two aircraft, one of which he was aboard, in April 1991. Democrat Harris Wofford was appointed by Governor Robert P. Casey in May 1991 to fill the vacancy. He was subsequently elected to serve the remainder of Heinz's term in the special election of November 1991.
  4. ↑ In 1922, in addition to a special/general election for the Class 1 seat, a special election for the Class 3 seat was held. George W. Pepper was appointed by Governor William Sproul to fill the vacancy following the death of Boies Penrose in December 1921. Pepper was subsequently elected in 1922 to serve the remainder of Penrose's term.
  5. ↑ Although William S. Vare won the 1926 election, his victory was controversial and overshadowed by scandal. As a result, Governor Gifford Pinchot refused to certify the results and Vare (having never been sworn-in) was formally unseated by the U.S. Senate in December 1929. Joseph R. Grundy was appointed later that month by Governor John S. Fisher to fill the vacancy until the next election.
  6. ↑ Specter changed party registration from Republican to Democratic in April 2009. He subsequently lost the primary election to Sestak.

Graphs of results

Class 1 results from 1916 to 2018

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1916
1922 (special)
1922
1928
1934
1940
1946
1952
1958
1964
1970
1976
1982
1988
1991 (special)
1994
2000
2006
2012
2018
  •   Republican
  •   Major Third Party (>5%)
  •   Other
  •   Democratic

Class 3 results from 1914 to 2022

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1914
1920
1922 (special)
1926
1930 (special)
1932
1938
1944
1950
1956
1962
1968
1974
1980
1986
1992
1998
2004
2010
2016
2022
  •   Republican
  •   Major Third Party (>5%)
  •   Other
  •   Democratic

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1922 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1922 United States Senate elections were elections that occurred in the middle of Republican President Warren G. Harding's term. The 32 seats of Class 1 were contested in regular elections, and special elections were held to fill vacancies. With the Republicans divided between conservative and progressive factions, the Democrats gained six net seats from the Republicans while the Farmer–Labor party gained one. The Republicans retained their Senate majority.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1908–09 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1908–09 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were primarily chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1906 and 1907, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. However, some states had already begun direct elections during this time. Oregon pioneered direct election and experimented with different measures over several years until it succeeded in 1907. Soon after, Nebraska followed suit and laid the foundation for other states to adopt measures reflecting the people's will. By 1912, as many as 29 states elected senators either as nominees of their party's primary or in conjunction with a general election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1848–49 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1848–49 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1848 and 1849, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1856–57 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1856–57 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1856 and 1857, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1876–77 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1876–77 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with Rutherford B. Hayes's narrow election as president. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1876 and 1877, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1900–01 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1900–01 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with President William McKinley's re-election as well as the 1900 House of Representatives elections. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1900 and 1901, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1904–05 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1904–05 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with President Theodore Roosevelt's landslide election to a full term and the 1904 House of Representatives elections. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1904 and 1905, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1878–79 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1878–79 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1878 and 1879, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1844–45 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1844–45 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with James K. Polk's election. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1844 and 1845, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1884–85 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1884–85 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with the presidential election of 1884. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1884 and 1885, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1886–87 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1886–87 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1886 and 1887, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1890–91 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1890–91 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1890 and 1891, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1842–43 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1842–43 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1842 and 1843, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1840–41 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1840–41 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1840 and 1841, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1794–95 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1794–95 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1794 and 1795, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1830–31 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1830–31 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1830 and 1831, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1866–67 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1866–67 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1866 and 1867, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1860–61 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1860–61 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1860 and 1861, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1845 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania</span>

The 1845 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania was held on March 13, 1845. Simon Cameron was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.

References

  1. ↑ "CRS/LII Annotated Constitution". Cornell University Law School. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  2. ↑ "U.S. Senate - Class I". United States Senate. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  3. ↑ "U.S. Senate - Class III". United States Senate. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  4. ↑ "Reference Home: Constitution of the United States". United States Senate. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  5. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1916". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  6. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1922". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  7. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1928". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  8. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1934". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  9. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1940". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  10. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1946". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  11. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1952". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  12. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1958". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  13. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1964". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  14. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1970". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  15. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1976". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  16. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1982". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  17. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1988". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  18. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1991". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  19. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1994". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  20. ↑ "2000 General Election: United States Senator". Pennsylvania Department of State. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  21. ↑ "2006 General Election: United States Senator". Pennsylvania Department of State. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  22. ↑ "2012 General Election: United States Senator". Pennsylvania Department of State. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  23. ↑ "2018 General Election: United States Senator". Pennsylvania Department of State. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  24. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1914". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  25. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1920". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  26. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1922". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  27. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1926". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  28. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1930". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  29. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1932". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  30. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1938". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  31. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1944". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  32. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1950". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  33. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1956". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  34. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1962". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  35. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1968". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  36. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1974". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  37. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1980". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  38. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1986". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  39. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1992". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  40. ↑ "Pennsylvania Senatorial Election Returns 1998". Wilkes University. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  41. ↑ "2004 General Election: United States Senator". Pennsylvania Department of State. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  42. ↑ "2010 General Election: United States Senator". Pennsylvania Department of State. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  43. ↑ "2016 General Election: United States Senator". Pennsylvania Department of State. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  44. ↑ "2022 General Election: United States Senator". Pennsylvania Department of State. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
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