Demographics of Uttar Pradesh

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The demographics of Uttar Pradesh is a complex topic, which is undergoing dynamic change. Uttar Pradesh is India's most populous state, and the largest subdivision in the world. It has a population of about 199,812,341 [1] as per the 2011 census. If it were a separate country, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous nation, next only to China, the rest of India, the United States of America and Indonesia. Uttar Pradesh has a population more than that of Pakistan. [2] There is an average population density of 828 persons per km2 i.e. 2,146 per sq mi. The capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow, and Prayagraj serves as the state’s judicial capital. Hindus and Muslims both consider the state as a holy place.

Contents

The peripheral regions of Uttar Pradesh, are home to a number of tribal communities such as Agaria, Baiga, Bhar, Bhoksa, Bind, Chero, Gond, Kol and Korwa. Five of these tribal communities have been recognised by the Government of India as disadvantaged scheduled tribes, viz. Tharus, Boksas, Bhotias, Jaunswaris and Rajis. [3] The literacy rate of the state according to the 2011 Census is 70.69%. With the literacy rate for Males at 79.20%, while it is 59.30% for the Females. While this is still below the national average of 74.04% (82.14% for men, 65.16% for women) the rate of growth has been much higher in Uttar Pradesh as compared to the rest of India.

District

As of the 2011 census, Prayagraj is the most populous district of Uttar Pradesh while Mahoba being the least populated. Only 3 districts of Jaunpur, Azamgarh and Deoria have a sex ratio greater than 1000 while Gautam Buddha Nagar stands lowest in the tally with a very low ratio of 851. On the contrary, Gautam Buddha Nagar scores highest in literacy rate at 80.12% and Kanpur Nagar 2nd at 79.54%, while both being the poorest districts in terms of sex-ratio, depicting a negative-correlation among literacy and sex-ratio in this case. The districts of Srawasti, Bahraich and Balrampur have yet to cross the 50% literacy mark.

The following table enumerates population, sex-ratio and literacy rates for each district of Uttar Pradesh:

District-wise demographics of Uttar Pradesh (2011 Census) [4]
DistrictPopulationSex ratioLiteracy
TotalMaleFemaleTotalMaleFemale
Gautam Buddha Nagar16481158902147579018510.80120.88060.7082
Kanpur Nagar4581268245980621214628620.79650.83620.7505
Auraiya13795457400406395058640.78950.86110.7061
Etawah15818108458567359548700.78410.86060.6961
Ghaziabad4681645248883421928118810.78070.85420.6979
Lucknow4589838239447621953629170.77290.82560.7154
Mainpuri18685299933778751528810.75990.84530.663
Kanpur Dehat17961849632558329298650.75780.83450.6686
Varanasi3676841192185717549849130.7560.83780.6669
Jhansi199860310574369411678900.75050.85380.6349
Jaunpur44942042220465227373910240.740.8380.5981
Jalaun16899749060927838828650.73750.83480.6246
Mau2205968111470910912599790.73090.82450.6363
Meerut3443689182574316179468860.72840.80740.6398
Kannauj16566168817767748408790.7270.80910.6333
Prayagraj5954391313180728225849010.72320.82550.6099
Ambedkar Nagar2397888121241011854789780.72230.81660.6266
Baghpat13030487000706029788610.72010.82450.5995
Firozabad2498156133204611661108750.71920.80820.6175
Ghazipur3620268185507517651939520.71780.8280.6029
Mahamaya Nagar15647088361277285818710.71590.82380.5923
Agra4418797236495320538448680.71580.80620.6118
Chandauli195275610179059348519180.71480.81720.6035
Deoria31009461537436156351010170.71130.83270.5938
Ballia3239774167290215668729370.70940.81490.5975
Azamgarh46139132285004232890910190.70930.81340.6091
Gorakhpur4440895227777721631189500.70830.8180.5936
Etah17744809473398271418730.70810.81280.588
Saharanpur3466382183410616322768900.70490.78280.6174
Mathura2547184136712511800598630.70360.81970.5689
Pratapgarh3209141160608516030569980.70090.81880.5845
Sultanpur3797117191458618825319830.69270.80190.5828
Muzaffarnagar4143512219343419500788890.69120.78440.5869
Farrukhabad188520410062408789648740.69040.7740.5944
Sant Ravidas Nagar (Bhadohi)15782138070997711149550.68970.81470.5603
Bulandshahr3499171184526016539118960.68880.80930.5557
Hamirpur11042855935375107488610.68770.79760.5595
Faizabad2470996125962812113689620.68730.78120.5903
Mirzapur2496970131230211846689030.68480.78970.5686
Bijnor3682713192121517614989170.68480.76560.5972
Aligarh3673889195199617218938820.67510.77970.5568
Fatehpur2632733138472212480119010.67430.77190.5658
Rae Bareli3405559175254216530179430.67250.77630.5629
Basti2464464125527212091929630.67220.77880.5623
Sant Kabir Nagar17151838696568455279720.66720.78390.548
Banda17994109658768335348630.66670.77780.5367
Unnao3108367163008714782809070.66370.75050.5676
Mahoba8759584663584096008780.65270.75830.5322
Kushinagar3564544181805517464899610.65250.77710.5236
Chitrakoot9917305277214640098790.65050.7580.5274
Hardoi4092845219144219014038680.64570.74390.5319
Sonbhadra18625599713448912159180.64030.74920.5214
Jyotiba Phule Nagar18402219634498767729100.63840.74540.521
Lalitpur12215926410115805819060.63520.74980.5084
Mahrajganj2684703138175413029499430.62760.75850.4892
Bara Banki3260699170707315536269100.61750.70270.5234
Pilibhit203100710720029590058950.61470.7170.5
Kaushambi15995968384857611119080.61280.72780.4856
Sitapur4483992237526421087288880.61120.70310.5067
Kanshiram Nagar14367197641656725548800.61020.71560.49
Kheri4021243212318718980568940.60560.69570.5042
Shahjahanpur3006538160640314001358720.59540.68180.4957
Siddharthnagar2559297129509512642029760.59250.70920.4741
Gonda3433919178714616467739210.58710.69410.4709
Bareilly4448359235766520906948870.58490.6750.483
Moradabad4772006250318622688209060.56770.64830.4786
Rampur2335819122388911119309090.53340.6140.4444
Budaun3681896196775917141378710.51290.60980.4009
Balrampur2148665111472110339449280.49510.59730.3843
Bahraich3487731184388416438478920.49360.58340.3918
Shrawasti11173615938975234648810.46740.57160.3478
Uttar Pradesh199812341104480510953318319120.67680.77280.5718

Rank of districts

Population Growth
YearPop.±%
195160,274,000—    
196170,144,000+16.4%
197183,849,000+19.5%
1981105,137,000+25.4%
1991132,062,000+25.6%
2001166,198,000+25.8%
2011199,581,477+20.1%
2018227,920,005+14.2%
Source: Census of India [5]

Following rankings are as per Population Census 2011. [6]

By area
  1. Lakhimpur Kheri - 8,780
  2. Sonbhadra - 6,999
  3. Hardoi - 5,986
  4. Bahraich - 5,745
  5. Sitapur - 5,743
By population
  1. Allahabad - 5,954,391
  2. Moradabad - 4,772,006
  3. Ghaziabad - 4,681,645
  4. Azamgarh - 4,613,913
  5. Lucknow - 4,589,838
  6. Kanpur Nagar - 4,581,268
  7. Jaunpur - 4,494,204
  8. Sitapur - 4,483,992
  9. Bareilly - 4,448,359
  10. Gorakhpur - 4,440,895

By population density

  1. Ghaziabad - 1995
  2. Varanasi - 1954
  3. Lucknow - 1456
  4. Sant Ravidas Nagar (Bhadohi) - 1409
  5. Kanpur Nagar - 1369

By literacy

  1. Gautam Budha Nagar(Noida) - 80.12%
  2. Kanpur Nagar - 79.65%
  3. Auraiya - 78.95%
  4. Etawah - 78.41%
  5. Ghaziabad - 78.07%

By sex ratio

  1. Jaunpur - 1024
  2. Azamgarh - 1018
  3. Deoria - 1003
  4. Mau - 984
  5. Pratapgarh - 982
  6. Ambedkar Nagar - 978
  7. Faizabad - 972
  8. Sultanpur - 965
  9. Basti - 963
  10. Sant Kabir Nagar - 960

Religion

In Uttar Pradesh the religion-wise percentage of population is Hindus 79.7, Muslims 19.3, Sikhs 0.3, Christians 0.2, Jains 0.1, Buddhists 0.1 while 0.3 of people have other religion or didn't state one. [6] [7]

Religion in Uttar Pradesh
Religion2001 [8] 2011 [9]
Hinduism133,979,263159,312,654
Islam30,740,15838,483,967
Sikhismn/a643,500
Christianity212,578356,448
Jainism207,111213,267
Buddhism302,031206,285
Other9,28113,598
Not statedn/a582,622
Total166,197,921199,812,341
Religion in Uttar Pradesh (%)
Religion2001 [8] 2011 [8]
Hinduism80.6179.73
Islam18.4219.26
Sikhism0.410.32
Christianity0.130.18
Jainism0.120.11
Buddhism0.180.10
Other>0.01>0.01
Not statedn/a0.29
Religion-wise demographics of UP (2011 Census) [4]
Religion

Population

Sex ratio

Literacy rate

[lower-roman 1]

MaleFemaleTotalMaleFemaleTotal
Hindu83,555,72475,756,930159,312,65490779.73%58.61%69.68%
Muslim19,867,31418,616,65338,483,96793766.42%50.59%58.76%
Christian182,838173,610356,44895079.44%67.54%73.63%
Sikh341,451302,049643,50088584.91%73.15%79.35%
Buddhist107,42498,861206,28592079.19%57.07%68.59%
Jain110,994102,273213,26792195.81%92.16%94.05%
Other religions and persuasions7,0706,52813,59892380.18%61.30%71.11%
Religion not stated307,695274,927582,62289478.37%60.84%70.01%
Uttar Pradesh104,480,51095,331,831199,812,34191277.28%57.18%67.68%
  1. ↑ For Literacy rate, population aged 7 and above only is considered in India.

District-wise religious population

Population count for each district (with percentages [lower-roman 1] ) as per 2011 Census. [4]

District-wise religious population
DistrictBuddhistChristianHinduJainMuslimSikhOther religionsReligion not statedDistrict Population
Count%Count%Count%Count%Count%Count%Count%Count%
Agra4,0490.09%10,0760.23%3,922,71888.77%21,5080.49%411,3139.31%12,0570.27%3840.01%36,6920.83%4,418,797
Aligarh2,5820.07%7,6350.21%2,904,14079.05%2,8050.08%729,28319.85%5,8750.16%910.00%21,4780.58%3,673,889
Allahabad4,3910.07%13,7820.23%5,102,04185.69%2,2470.04%796,75613.38%4,3770.07%3050.01%30,4920.51%5,954,391
Ambedkar Nagar1,8170.08%2,5360.11%1,985,65482.81%2350.01%401,67816.75%8690.04%330.00%5,0660.21%2,397,888
Auraiya3320.02%1,0040.07%1,273,54692.32%2280.02%101,9637.39%3710.03%4440.03%1,6570.12%1,379,545
Azamgarh5,6520.12%3,8100.08%3,878,62684.06%1830.00%718,69215.58%7190.02%2260.00%6,0050.13%4,613,913
Baghpat1610.01%1,8400.14%917,47470.41%16,1391.24%364,58327.98%4830.04%250.00%2,3430.18%1,303,048
Bahraich2,7930.08%6,4000.18%2,291,89265.71%1,1770.03%1,169,33033.53%8,2120.24%380.00%7,8890.23%3,487,731
Ballia1,5950.05%4,4630.14%3,004,24092.73%2330.01%213,4406.59%8920.03%640.00%14,8470.46%3,239,774
Balrampur1,8660.09%3,2280.15%1,333,24262.05%1980.01%805,97537.51%9000.04%870.00%3,1690.15%2,148,665
Banda1680.01%1,3670.08%1,637,54991.00%9160.05%157,6128.76%2310.01%500.00%1,5170.08%1,799,410
Bara Banki1,5530.05%4,8570.15%2,505,44476.84%3,0160.09%737,10622.61%2,0900.06%2110.01%6,4220.20%3,260,699
Bareilly4,3710.10%14,8220.33%2,830,76863.64%9310.02%1,536,53434.54%28,1870.63%3390.01%32,4070.73%4,448,359
Basti9,7530.40%3,4930.14%2,082,97684.52%1070.00%364,51014.79%9000.04%990.00%2,6260.11%2,464,464
Bijnor1,7360.05%6,1840.17%2,032,08155.18%2,1340.06%1,585,21043.04%50,6241.37%410.00%4,7030.13%3,682,713
Budaun1,9590.05%6,3200.17%2,867,70777.89%6780.02%790,51521.47%1,1350.03%870.00%13,4950.37%3,681,896
Bulandshahr6690.02%4,0880.12%2,707,19577.37%1,5720.04%777,40722.22%2,7650.08%860.00%5,3890.15%3,499,171
Chandauli3400.02%2,1530.11%1,727,86988.48%1000.01%215,08111.01%1,3890.07%1,1750.06%4,6490.24%1,952,756
Chitrakoot1010.01%6930.07%955,37296.33%2850.03%34,5593.48%630.01%270.00%6300.06%991,730
Deoria1,1820.04%3,6260.12%2,730,95788.07%2090.01%358,53911.56%8180.03%1460.00%5,4690.18%3,100,946
Etah2,8870.16%2,4640.14%1,611,12690.79%5,6710.32%146,3468.25%7080.04%180.00%5,2600.30%1,774,480
Etawah1,7330.11%1,3620.09%1,457,89292.17%3,9170.25%113,9617.20%1,0450.07%940.01%1,8060.11%1,581,810
Faizabad7370.03%3,2250.13%2,094,27184.75%3580.01%365,80614.80%1,9120.08%1850.01%4,5020.18%2,470,996
Farrukhabad3,1610.17%3,1370.17%1,596,27884.67%4870.03%276,84614.69%3,1600.17%1000.01%2,0350.11%1,885,204
Fatehpur1720.01%2,2010.08%2,274,67486.40%1990.01%350,70013.32%4020.02%470.00%4,3380.16%2,632,733
Firozabad3,3950.14%3,3700.13%2,140,74585.69%19,0770.76%314,81212.60%1,8040.07%610.00%14,8920.60%2,498,156
Gautam Buddha Nagar8950.05%7,3660.45%1,394,02584.58%4,5180.27%215,50013.08%9,2610.56%910.01%16,4591.00%1,648,115
Ghaziabad3,4870.07%19,0260.41%3,414,42772.93%16,4120.35%1,186,77625.35%23,0010.49%2650.01%18,2510.39%4,681,645
Ghazipur3,1450.09%4,1810.12%3,233,79089.32%2130.01%368,15310.17%8100.02%1840.01%9,7920.27%3,620,268
Gonda6490.02%4,7350.14%2,739,07679.77%3380.01%678,61519.76%1,8930.06%570.00%8,5560.25%3,433,919
Gorakhpur2,8480.06%9,6620.22%4,009,03790.28%4600.01%403,8479.09%2,1230.05%2070.00%12,7110.29%4,440,895
Hamirpur740.01%8140.07%1,010,01491.46%410.00%91,2698.26%1960.02%2730.02%1,6040.15%1,104,285
Hardoi6,6710.16%5,8220.14%3,508,13185.71%4460.01%556,21913.59%5,6880.14%980.00%9,7700.24%4,092,845
Jalaun2,8750.17%1,1480.07%1,509,70889.33%2560.02%171,58110.15%4630.03%1450.01%3,7980.22%1,689,974
Jaunpur7,8980.18%4,9470.11%3,981,50288.59%3490.01%483,75010.76%1,2860.03%1140.00%14,3580.32%4,494,204
Jhansi1,2030.06%7,0500.35%1,823,93091.26%7,3280.37%147,8427.40%4,9510.25%3110.02%5,9880.30%1,998,603
Jyotiba Phule Nagar1890.01%5,9520.32%1,075,44058.44%5170.03%750,36840.78%5,2950.29%210.00%2,4390.13%1,840,221
Kannauj2,0330.12%1,2630.08%1,375,78883.05%6060.04%273,96716.54%5040.03%650.00%2,3900.14%1,656,616
Kanpur Dehat8190.05%1,3000.07%1,612,96889.80%1550.01%176,3279.82%4780.03%1030.01%4,0340.22%1,796,184
Kanpur Nagar2,7330.06%15,7510.34%3,792,17482.78%5,7100.12%720,66015.73%29,6760.65%5890.01%13,9750.31%4,581,268
Kanshiram Nagar3,9070.27%1,9690.14%1,211,42784.32%3130.02%213,82214.88%2,2800.16%720.01%2,9290.20%1,436,719
Kaushambi6870.04%2,2250.14%1,372,38185.80%5450.03%220,42313.78%5220.03%30.00%2,8100.18%1,599,596
Kheri18,4540.46%7,5020.19%3,078,26276.55%4870.01%807,60020.08%94,3882.35%2260.01%14,3240.36%4,021,243
Kushinagar4,6190.13%5,0060.14%2,928,46282.16%3830.01%620,24417.40%7670.02%1330.00%4,9300.14%3,564,544
Lalitpur690.01%1,3510.11%1,163,80495.27%20,3901.67%33,7242.76%1,0340.08%410.00%1,1790.10%1,221,592
Lucknow3,8770.08%20,4930.45%3,537,78777.08%4,9750.11%985,07021.46%23,8830.52%5040.01%13,2490.29%4,589,838
Mahamaya Nagar4240.03%1,3500.09%1,397,22589.30%1,2890.08%159,44810.19%5240.03%630.00%4,3850.28%1,564,708
Mahoba940.01%9650.11%815,14293.06%2340.03%57,4546.56%3890.04%1570.02%1,5230.17%875,958
Mahrajganj16,0300.60%3,5270.13%2,196,88481.83%2430.01%458,65017.08%1,3810.05%3380.01%7,6500.28%2,684,703
Mainpuri8,8140.47%1,7290.09%1,746,64993.48%4,1610.22%100,7235.39%4750.03%380.00%5,9400.32%1,868,529
Mathura8830.03%3,1790.12%2,310,77690.72%2,0560.08%216,9338.52%2,8720.11%1260.00%10,3590.41%2,547,184
Mau5640.03%2,1090.10%1,769,93780.23%1550.01%428,55519.43%3400.02%1290.01%4,1790.19%2,205,968
Meerut1,8550.05%10,5820.31%2,183,25563.40%18,5440.54%1,185,64334.43%24,9120.72%2360.01%18,6620.54%3,443,689
Mirzapur3410.01%2,3730.10%2,292,53491.81%7010.03%195,7657.84%1,1330.05%270.00%4,0960.16%2,496,970
Moradabad1,2600.03%13,1570.28%2,488,26552.14%2,4260.05%2,248,39247.12%7,5550.16%3820.01%10,5690.22%4,772,006
Muzaffarnagar1,5160.04%6,4950.16%2,382,91457.51%16,3450.39%1,711,45341.30%18,6010.45%600.00%6,1280.15%4,143,512
Pilibhit3600.02%3,5100.17%1,449,00771.34%1380.01%489,68624.11%84,7874.17%450.00%3,4740.17%2,031,007
Pratapgarh7,7950.24%3,9200.12%2,731,35185.11%7460.02%452,39414.10%1,4510.05%430.00%11,4410.36%3,209,141
Rae Bareli7220.02%3,6340.11%2,975,99887.39%3970.01%413,24312.13%2,4240.07%6020.02%8,5390.25%3,405,559
Rampur3840.02%9,2010.39%1,073,89045.97%1,3070.06%1,181,33750.57%65,3162.80%630.00%4,3210.18%2,335,819
Saharanpur1,9370.06%6,5230.19%1,966,89256.74%10,2080.29%1,454,05241.95%18,6270.54%1350.00%8,0080.23%3,466,382
Sant Kabir Nagar4,3930.26%1,7660.10%1,300,58675.83%950.01%404,41023.58%4470.03%350.00%3,4510.20%1,715,183
Sant Ravidas Nagar (Bhadohi)1,5620.10%1,3650.09%1,368,29186.70%1610.01%203,88712.92%1990.01%70.00%2,7410.17%1,578,213
Shahjahanpur2,3120.08%4,6300.15%2,412,59580.24%3010.01%527,58117.55%51,0901.70%840.00%7,9450.26%3,006,538
Shrawasti3230.03%1,4270.13%768,64368.79%680.01%343,98130.79%4070.04%560.01%2,4560.22%1,117,361
Siddharthnagar11,9640.47%3,0420.12%1,789,70469.93%1790.01%748,07329.23%6810.03%3560.01%5,2980.21%2,559,297
Sitapur2,6630.06%6,5790.15%3,555,45079.29%1,4100.03%893,72519.93%11,6110.26%790.00%12,4750.28%4,483,992
Sonbhadra1,7470.09%3,9630.21%1,738,76993.35%4870.03%103,5675.56%1,6490.09%1,9070.10%10,4700.56%1,862,559
Sultanpur9,9890.26%4,4530.12%3,119,59082.16%4260.01%650,26117.13%1,6290.04%3360.01%10,4330.27%3,797,117
Unnao9200.03%3,5740.11%2,732,01687.89%2400.01%363,45311.69%1,2040.04%310.00%6,9290.22%3,108,367
Varanasi1,1460.03%7,6960.21%3,107,68184.52%1,8980.05%546,98714.88%3,3090.09%2980.01%7,8260.21%3,676,841
STATE [lower-roman 2] 206,2850.10%356,4480.18%159,312,65479.73%213,2670.11%38,483,96719.26%643,5000.32%13,5980.01%582,6220.29%199,812,341
  1. ↑ Percentages are calculated out of total population for respective district, depicting the share of a religion's population in that district.
  2. ↑ Percentages in 'STATE' are calculated out of total population of UP, depicting the share of each religion's population
Religion-wise percentage of UP (2011 Census) [4]
ReligionRuralUrbanTotal
Buddhist0.09%0.02%0.10%
Christian0.09%0.09%0.18%
Hindu65.03%14.70%79.73%
Jain0.02%0.09%0.11%
Muslim12.09%7.17%19.26%
Other religions and persuasions0.00%0.00%0.01%
Religion not stated0.19%0.10%0.29%
Sikh0.22%0.11%0.32%
Total77.73%22.27%100.00%

Literacy among women is quite low, going as low as 50.59% in Muslim community. On the contrary, the Jain community with quite high literacy rates, for both males and females as well. Also noteworthy is that Sikh and Hindu communities have very poor sex-ratios.

Caste

For accurate caste population data in India, the Government of India has not publicly released Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 caste population data for every single non-SC/ST castes, General castes, OBC/EBCs in India, hence no official figures are available for the same. [10] [11] [12] [13]

As per estimations based on 2011 census, Dalits constitute 21.1% of Uttar Pradesh population. [14] [15] [16] Mallah community is divided in 27 sub-castes. Other Backward Classes (OBCs) constitute over 50% of Uttar Pradesh’s population. [17] [18] [19] [20] Yadavs form the single largest group amongst the OBCs, constituting around 40 percent, and forming almost 15-19 percent of the state's population. [17] [21] There are 200-odd OBCs in U.P. In Uttar Pradesh, Muslims are divided into 68 castes and sub-castes, 35 of them are OBCs. Forward castes constitute around 18-20% of Uttar Pradesh population, [22] [23] in which Brahmins are about 9% [24] [25] and Rajputs are 8%. [25]

Castes of Uttar Pradesh [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]
CastePopulation (%)
OBC 50% [17]
Dalits (SCs)20-21%
Tribals (STs)0.1%
Forward caste 18-20%
Muslims19-20%
Others0.9%

Ethnic groups

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India with a population of over 199.5 million people on 1 March 2011. It is more populated than the world's 242 countries. If independent it would be the 6th largest country in the world as per Population.

At the 2011 census of India, 79.7% of Uttar Pradesh population is Hindu. Muslims make up 19.3% of the population, most of whom are Rohillas, a clan of ethnic Pathans. The remaining population consists of Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians and Jains.

The population of Uttar Pradesh is divided into numerous castes and sub-castes. Historically, Hindu society is divided into four sub-divisions or varnas, the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. Muslims are also divided as the Shias and Sunnis. In actual practice, Hindu society in generally used to be divided into numerous lineage groups called jatis. Each jati is then sub-divided into clans, called gotras.

The peripheral regions of Uttar Pradesh, are home to a number of tribal communities such as Agaria, Baiga, Bhar, Bhoksa, Chero, Gond, Kol and Korwa. Five of these tribal communities have been recognised by the Government of India as disadvantaged scheduled tribes, viz. Tharus, Boksas, Bhotias, Jaunswaris and Rajis. [3]

Languages

Most people in Uttar Pradesh speak Hindi (including Urdu, which is often considered the same language), followed by Awadhi and Bhojpuri. [31]

The dialect map of Uttar Pradesh is complex, but, in general, in three of the five sub regions of UP, viz, the Doab, Rohilkhand, and Bundelkhand, both Western and Eastern Hindi, as well as a mixture of the two are spoken. For instance, in the upper and parts of lower Doab (until Etawah), various forms of western Hindi are spoken, including Khari boli and Brij Bhasha. In the rest of lower Doab, various mixes of western and Eastern Hindi (Brij Bhasha/ Bundelkhandi and Awadhi) are spoken). Likewise, in Western Bundelkhand, Bundeli (a language closely related with Brij Bhasha) is spoken, while in Eastern Bundelkhand the dialect is still called 'Bundeli' but is part of Eastern Hindi (actually a mixture of Western and Eastern Hindi). In Western Rohilkhand, Khari boli is spoken. in Central Rohilkhand a mix of Awadhi and Khari boli is spoken, while in Eastern Rohilkhand, Awadhi is the dialect.

As mentioned earlier, often these dialects merge into each other, for example in Shahjahanpur, in Rohilkhand, Khari boli merges into Awadhi. [32]

In central-eastern Uttar Pradesh, the Awadhi language is widely spoken. With about 38 million speakers, it is the second most spoken language in Uttar Pradesh according to independent sources. [33] [34] [35] [36] However, in the official figures provided by the Indian census, the figure falls to an meagre four million due to conflation with neighbouring Hindi.

In extreme eastern Uttar Pradesh, the Bhojpuri language is spoken. [37] It is the third most widely spoken language of Uttar Pradesh after Hindi and Awadhi. [31] It belongs to the Magadhan group of Indo-Aryan languages. [38] This region is known as Bhojpur or Purvanchal. [39] The Bhojpuri variant of Kaithi is the indigenous script of Bhojpuri language. [40]

Uttar Pradesh: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census. [41]
Mother tongue codeMother tonguePeoplePercentage
001002 Assamese 10,2880.01%
002007 Bengali 240,9660.12%
005018 Gujarati 11,9380.01%
006030 Awadhi 3,801,7431.90%
006102 Bhojpuri 21,844,78310.93%
006123 Brajbhasha 713,5720.36%
006125 Bundeli/Bundel khandi 1,303,9400.65%
006142 Chhattisgarhi 12,3080.01%
006195 Garhwali 22,9140.01%
006235 Haryanvi 16,1660.01%
006240 Hindi 160,159,97780.16%
006311 Khari Boli (Kauravi) 16,3550.01%
006340 Kumauni 11,0590.01%
006489 Rajasthani 13,3820.01%
010008 Maithili 16,9890.01%
011016 Malayalam 24,3380.01%
013071 Marathi 24,1150.01%
014011 Nepali 18,7340.01%
015043 Odia 24,0710.01%
016038 Punjabi 508,5990.25%
019014 Sindhi 28,9370.01%
020027 Tamil 14,4260.01%
021046 Telugu 13,9180.01%
022015 Urdu 10,793,3915.40%
022016Bhansari20,9930.01%
040001 English 13,0850.01%
N.A. Others 131,3540.07%
Total199,812,341100.00%

See also

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