Enterobacterales

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Enterobacterales
Citrobacter freundii.jpg
Citrobacter freundii , one member of the order
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacterales
Adeolu et al., 2016
Families
Synonyms
  • Enterobacteriales

Enterobacterales is an order of Gram-negative, non-spore forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria with the class Gammaproteobacteria. [1] The type genus of this order is Enterobacter. [1]

Contents

The name Enterobacterales is derived from the Latin term Enterobacter, referring the type genus of the order and the suffix "-ales", an ending used to denote an order. Together, Enterobacterales refers to an order whose nomenclatural type is the genus Enterobacter. [1]

Historical Identification and Systematics

Enterobacterales was proposed in 2005 under the name "Enterobacteriales". However, the name "Enterobacteriales" was not validated according to the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes, thus it lacked standing in nomenclature, so the name was written in parentheses. "Enterobacteriales" was a monotypic order, containing only the family Enterobacteriaceae , and shared its type genus Escherichia. [2] [3] [4] The order contained a large, diverse group of species, occupying distinct ecological niches and possessing a variety of biochemical characteristics. [5] Many genera within the order have significant impacts on human activity, such as the pathogenic species Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Yersinia pestis , as well as agriculture-harming phytopathogens such as members of the genera Dickeya, Pectobacterium, Brenneria, Erwinia and Pantoea . The large number of species as well as the range of different biochemical characteristics made describing the order and its subgroups extremely difficult. [6] The assignment and classification of this order was largely based on 16S rRNA genome sequences, which is known to have low discriminatory power and yield different results depending on the algorithm and organism strain used. [7] In addition, these analyses have shown that 'Enterobacteriales' exhibited polyphyletic branching, with distinct subgroups.

In 2016, "Enterobacteriales" was proposed to be reclassified as Enterobacterales, and the type genus changed to Enterobacter in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. [1] In addition, several new families within the order Enterobacterales were proposed, consisting of species that were formerly members of the family Enterobacteriaceae based on groupings found in phylogenetic trees constructed based on conserved genomes, 16S rRNA sequences and multi-locus sequence analysis as well as independent molecular markers (conserved signature indels). [1]

As of 2021, the order Enterobacterales contains 7 validly published families ( Budviciaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae, Hafniaceae, Morganellaceae, Pectobacteriaceae and Yersiniaceae ). [8]

Molecular Signatures

Analyses of genome sequences from Enterobacterales species identified five conserved signature indels (CSIs) for this order in the proteins peptide ABC transporter permease, elongation factor P-like protein YeiP, L-arabinose isomerase, pyrophosphatase, and a hypothetical protein, which in most cases are exclusively shared by either all or most members of this order. [1] These CSIs provide a molecular means of demarcating this order from other Gammaproteobacteria and supports the monophyletic nature of the order Enterobacterales.

Genera

Phylogeny of Enterobacterales

Pasteurellales (outgroup)

Enterobacterales

Budviciaceae

Morganellaceae

Hafniaceae

Yersiniaceae

Pectobacteriaceae

Erwiniaceae

Enterobacteriaceae

Phylogeny of the Enterobacterales as proposed in 2016. [1] Pasteurellales is used as the outgroup.

Validly published genera

The following genera have been validly published, thus they have "Standing in Nomenclature". The year the genus was proposed is listed in parentheses after the genus name.

Candidatus genera

Proposed, but have not obtained standing in nomenclature

  • Aquamonas (2009)
  • Aranicola (1997)
  • Atlantibacter (2016)
  • Averyella (2005)
  • Grimontella (2003)
  • Guhaiyinggella (1995)
  • Margalefia (2004)
  • Tiedjeia (2005)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enterobacteriaceae</span> Family of bacteria

Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of Gram-negative bacteria. It includes over 30 genera and more than 100 species. Its classification above the level of family is still a subject of debate, but one classification places it in the order Enterobacterales of the class Gammaproteobacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota. In 2016, the description and members of this family were emended based on comparative genomic analyses by Adeolu et al.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pseudomonadota</span> Phylum of Gram-negative bacteria

Pseudomonadota is a major phylum of Gram-negative bacteria. The renaming of several prokaryote phyla in 2021, including Pseudomonadota, remains controversial among microbiologists, many of whom continue to use the earlier name Proteobacteria, of long standing in the literature. The phylum Proteobacteria includes a wide variety of pathogenic genera, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Yersinia, Legionella, and many others. Others are free-living (non-parasitic) and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation.

<i>Yersinia</i> Genus of bacteria

Yersinia is a genus of bacteria in the family Yersiniaceae. Yersinia species are Gram-negative, coccobacilli bacteria, a few micrometers long and fractions of a micrometer in diameter, and are facultative anaerobes. Some members of Yersinia are pathogenic in humans; in particular, Y. pestis is the causative agent of the plague. Rodents are the natural reservoirs of Yersinia; less frequently, other mammals serve as the host. Infection may occur either through blood or in an alimentary fashion, occasionally via consumption of food products contaminated with infected urine or feces.

The Chloroflexia are a class of bacteria in the phylum Chloroflexota. Chloroflexia are typically filamentous, and can move about through bacterial gliding. It is named after the order Chloroflexales.

<i>Erwinia</i> Genus of bacteria

Erwinia is a genus of Enterobacterales bacteria containing mostly plant pathogenic species which was named for the famous plant pathologist, Erwin Frink Smith. It contains Gram-negative bacteria related to Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and Yersinia. They are primarily rod-shaped bacteria.

<i>Enterobacter</i> Genus of bacteria

Enterobacter is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Cultures are found in soil, water, sewage, feces and gut environments. It is the type genus of the order Enterobacterales. Several strains of these bacteria are pathogenic and cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts and in those who are on mechanical ventilation. The urinary and respiratory tracts are the most common sites of infection. The genus Enterobacter is a member of the coliform group of bacteria. It does not belong to the fecal coliforms group of bacteria, unlike Escherichia coli, because it is incapable of growth at 44.5 °C in the presence of bile salts. Some of them show quorum sensing properties.

<i>Pantoea</i> Genus of bacteria

Pantoea is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria of the family Erwiniaceae, recently separated from the genus Enterobacter. This genus includes at least 20 species. Pantoea bacteria are yellow pigmented, ferment lactose, are motile, and form mucoid colonies. Some species show quorum sensing ability that could drive different gene expression, hence controlling certain physiological activities. Levan polysaccharide produced by Pantoea agglomerans ZMR7 was reported to decrease the viability of rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and breast cancer (MDA) cells compared with untreated cancer cells. In addition, it has high antiparasitic activity against the promastigote of Leishmania tropica.

The Chloroflexota are a phylum of bacteria containing isolates with a diversity of phenotypes, including members that are aerobic thermophiles, which use oxygen and grow well in high temperatures; anoxygenic phototrophs, which use light for photosynthesis ; and anaerobic halorespirers, which uses halogenated organics as electron acceptors.

Dickeya is a genus of the family Pectobacteriaceae that consists mainly of pathogens from herbaceous plants. Dickeya is the result of the reclassification of 75 strains of Pectobacterium chrysanthemi, as well as Brenneria paradisiaca CFBP 4178, into a new genus. The genus is named for American phytopathologist Robert S. Dickey. Several species in this genus, such as Dickeya dadantii, are known phytopathogens.

<i>Pectobacterium</i> Genus of bacteria

Pectobacterium is a bacterial genus of the family Pectobacteriaceae; it used to be a member of the genus Erwinia, which was split into three genera: Erwinia, Pectobacterium, and Brenneria.

Robert S. Dickey was an American phytopathologist, professor emeritus of Plant Pathology at the Cornell University and the namesake of the bacterial genus Dickeya.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yersiniaceae</span> Family of bacteria

The Yersiniaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes some familiar pathogens. For example, the type genus Yersinia includes Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota.

<i>Phytobacter</i> Genus of bacteria

Phytobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria emerging from the grouping of isolates previously assigned to various genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae. This genus was first established on the basis of nitrogen fixing isolates from wild rice in China, but also includes a number of isolates obtained during a 2013 multi-state sepsis outbreak in Brazil and, retrospectively, several clinical strains isolated in the 1970s in the United States that are still available in culture collections, which originally were grouped into Brenner's Biotype XII of the Erwinia herbicola-Enterobacter agglomerans-Complex (EEC). Standard biochemical evaluation panels are lacking Phytobacter spp. from their database, thus often leading to misidentifications with other Enterobacterales species, especially Pantoea agglomerans. Clinical isolates of the species have been identified as an important source of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenem-resistance genes, which are usually mediated by genetic mobile elements. Strong protection of co-infecting sensitive bacteria has also been reported. Bacteria belonging to this genus are not pigmented, chemoorganotrophic and able to fix nitrogen. They are lactose fermenting, cytochrome-oxidase negative and catalase positive. Glucose is fermented with the production of gas. Colonies growing on MacConkey agar (MAC) are circular, convex and smooth with non-entire margins and a usually elevated center. Three species are currently validly included in the genus Phytobacter, which is still included within the Kosakonia clade in the lately reviewed family of Enterobacteriaceae. The incorporation of a fourth species, Phytobacter massiliensis, has recently been proposed via the unification of the genera Metakosakonia and Phytobacter.

Mangrovibacter is a genus in the order Enterobacterales. Members of the genus are Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, nitrogen-fixing, and rod shaped. The name Mangrovibacter derives from:
Neo-Latin noun mangrovum, mangrove; Neo-Latin masculine gender noun, a rod; bacter, nominally meaning "a rod", but in effect meaning a bacterium, rod; Neo-Latin masculine gender noun Mangrovibacter, mangrove rod.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erwiniaceae</span> Family of bacteria

The Erwiniaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria which includes a number of plant pathogens and insect endosymbionts. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota. The type genus of this family is Erwinia.

The Pectobacteriaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria which largely consist of plant pathogens. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota. The type species of this family is Pectobacterium.

The Hafniaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota. Genera in this family include the type genus Hafnia, along with Edwardsiella and Obesumbacterium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Morganellaceae</span> Family of bacteria

The Morganellaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria that include some important human pathogens formerly classified as Enterobacteriaceae. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota. Genera in this family include the type genus Morganella, along with Arsenophonus, Cosenzaea, Moellerella, Photorhabdus, Proteus, Providencia and Xenorhabdus.

The Budviciaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota. The type genus of this family is Budvicia.

Natrialbales is an order of halophilic, chemoorganotrophic archaea within the class Haloarchaea. The type genus of this order is Natrialba.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Adeolu, M; Alnajar, S; Naushad, S; S Gupta, R (December 2016). "Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the 'Enterobacteriales': proposal for Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov., Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 66 (12): 5575–5599. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001485 . PMID   27620848.
  2. ↑ Zipcodezoo site Enterobacteriales Archived 2014-04-27 at the Wayback Machine accessed 9 Mar 2013
  3. ↑ NCBI Enterobacterales accessed 9 Mar 2013
  4. ↑ Taxonomicon Enterobacteriales accessed 9 Mar 2013
  5. ↑ Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T.; Garrity, George M.; Boone, David R.; De Vos, Paul; Goodfellow, Michael; Rainey, Fred A.; Schleifer, Karl-Heinz, eds. (2005). Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology. doi:10.1007/0-387-28022-7. ISBN   978-0-387-24144-9.
  6. ↑ Octavia, Sophie; Lan, Ruiting (2014), "The Family Enterobacteriaceae", The Prokaryotes, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 225–286, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38922-1_167, ISBN   978-3-642-38921-4 , retrieved 2021-06-02
  7. ↑ Francino, M. Pilar; Santos, Scott R.; Ochman, Howard (2006), "Phylogenetic Relationships of Bacteria with Special Reference to Endosymbionts and Enteric Species" (PDF), The Prokaryotes, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 41–59, doi:10.1007/0-387-30746-x_2, ISBN   978-0-387-25496-8 , retrieved 2021-06-02
  8. ↑ "Order: Enterobacterales". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2021-06-02.


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