Orangeburg, South Carolina

Orangeburg, South Carolina
City
Central Business District of Orangeburg
Seal
Nickname:  The Garden City
Location in Orangeburg County, South Carolina
Coordinates: 33°29′49″N80°51′44″W / 33.49694°N 80.86222°W / 33.49694; -80.86222
Country	United States
State	South Carolina
County	Orangeburg
Government
•  Mayor	Michael C. Butler
•  City Council	Members Richard F. Stroman Charles W. Jernigan (Mayor Pro Tem) Charles B. Barnwell, Jr. Bernard Haire L. Zimmerman Keitt Sandra P. Knotts
Area [1]
• Total	9.02 sq mi (23.36 km2)
• Land	9.01 sq mi (23.34 km2)
• Water	0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2)
Elevation [2]	243 ft (74 m)
Population  (2020) [3]
• Total	13,240
• Density	1,469.15/sq mi (567.23/km2)
Time zone	UTC−5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP codes	29115-29118
Area code(s)	803, 839
FIPS code	45-53080 [4]
GNIS feature ID	1249990 [2]
Website	www.orangeburg.sc.us

Russell Street, downtown's main street

Downtown Loop

Orangeburg, also known as The Garden City, is the principal city in and the county seat of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, United States. ^[5] The population of the city was 13,964 according to the 2020 census. ^[6] The city is located 37 miles southeast of Columbia, on the north fork of the Edisto River.

Two historically black institutions of higher education are located in Orangeburg: Claflin University (a liberal arts college) and South Carolina State University (a public university).

History

18th century

European settlement in this area started in 1704 when George Sterling set up a post here for fur trade with Native Americans. To encourage settlement, the General Assembly of the Province of South Carolina in 1730 organized the area as a township, naming it Orangeburg for William IV, Prince of Orange, the son-in-law of King George II of Great Britain. In 1735, a colony of 200 Swiss, German and Dutch immigrants formed a community near the banks of the North Edisto River. The site was attractive because of the fertile soil and the abundance of wildlife. The river provided the all-important transportation waterway to the port of Charleston on the Atlantic coast for the area's agriculture and lumber products, and for shipping goods upriver. The town soon became a well-established and successful colony, composed chiefly of small yeomen farmers.

Orangeburg's first church was established by a German Lutheran congregation. It later identified as an Anglican Church, which was the established church and exempt from colonial taxation. The church building was erected prior to 1763 in the center of the village; it was destroyed by fighting during the Revolutionary War. A new church was built; during the Civil War, it was used as a smallpox hospital by General William Tecumseh Sherman on his march through with Union forces.

19th century

After the American Revolution, the character of the county changed dramatically. Invention by Eli Whitney of a mass-produced cotton gin for processing short-staple or "green seed" cotton made this type of cotton profitable. It was easily grown in the upland areas, and the county was rapidly developed into large cotton plantations. Agricultural labor was provided by enslaved African Americans, many brought into the area in a forced migration from the coastal areas or the Upper South via the domestic slave trade. Slaves became the majority of population in the county and city. Freed after the Civil War, blacks began to gain educations, and two colleges were established in the city, the second designated as a land grant institution for all black students in the state under segregation. Blacks were also subject to Jim Crow laws passed by the Democrat-dominated state legislature; they were deprived of their ability to vote by South Carolina's disenfranchising constitution passed at the turn of the 20th century, which erected barriers to voter registration. In 1919 The Orangeburg Regional Medical Center opened. This area is also known for its extremely rich soil.

20th century

A controversial Confederate flag in Orangeburg owned by the Sons of Confederate Veterans.

Efforts by blacks to regain civil rights increased in the postwar period after World War II. In the 1960s, Orangeburg was a major center of Civil Rights Movement activities by students from both Claflin College and South Carolina State College as well as black residents of the city. After the US Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) declaring segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional, local blacks sought integration of local schools in 1956. Whites retaliated economically, sometimes firing activists or evicting them from rental housing. College students came to their support with hunger strikes, boycotts, and mass marches. In 1960, over 400 students were arrested on sit-ins and integration marches organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).

In August 1963, the Orangeburg Freedom Movement (OFM), chaired by Harlowe Caldwell of the NAACP, submitted 10 pro-integration demands to the Orangeburg Mayor and City Council. After negotiations failed, mass demonstrations similar to those in the Birmingham campaign in Alabama resulted in more than 1,300 arrests. Local efforts to end segregation in public places continued, particularly after Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. On February 8, 1968, after days of protests against a segregated bowling alley, violence broke out near the bowling alley as police attacked Black students from South Carolina State. Police opened fire on a crowd of students, killing Samuel Hammond, Henry Smith, and Delano Middleton, and wounding 27 others in what became known as the "Orangeburg Massacre". ^[7]

21st century

In May 2000, the city created the Orangeburg County Community of Character initiative. It is a collaborative effort in community development by the Downtown Orangeburg Revitalization Association (DORA), The Times and Democrat newspaper, the Orangeburg County Chamber of Commerce, and the Orangeburg County Development Commission. ^[8] In 2005, the National Civic League awarded Orangeburg County the All-America City Award which recognizes and encourages civic excellence. It honors communities in which citizens, government, businesses, and non-profit organizations demonstrate successful resolution of critical community issues. ^[9]

In 2007, Orangeburg hosted the first Democratic U.S. presidential candidate debate of the campaign season at Martin Luther King Jr. Auditorium on the campus of South Carolina State University; future president Barack Obama was one of the debaters. In 2021, President Joe Biden visited Orangeburg to deliver a commencement address at South Carolina State. ^[10]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.3 square miles (21.5 km²), of which 8.3 square miles (21.5 km²) is land and 0.12% is water.

Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Orangeburg has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. ^[11]

Climate data for Orangeburg, South Carolina (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1953–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	84 (29)	86 (30)	92 (33)	97 (36)	102 (39)	105 (41)	105 (41)	108 (42)	102 (39)	99 (37)	91 (33)	90 (32)	108 (42)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	59.6 (15.3)	63.2 (17.3)	70.2 (21.2)	77.8 (25.4)	84.8 (29.3)	90.4 (32.4)	92.9 (33.8)	91.7 (33.2)	86.9 (30.5)	78.6 (25.9)	69.0 (20.6)	61.7 (16.5)	77.2 (25.1)
Daily mean °F (°C)	48.1 (8.9)	51.4 (10.8)	57.9 (14.4)	65.1 (18.4)	72.7 (22.6)	79.3 (26.3)	82.2 (27.9)	81.4 (27.4)	76.2 (24.6)	66.4 (19.1)	56.3 (13.5)	50.0 (10.0)	65.6 (18.7)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	36.6 (2.6)	39.6 (4.2)	45.6 (7.6)	52.4 (11.3)	60.5 (15.8)	68.2 (20.1)	71.5 (21.9)	71.2 (21.8)	65.6 (18.7)	54.1 (12.3)	43.6 (6.4)	38.4 (3.6)	53.9 (12.2)
Record low °F (°C)	2 (−17)	9 (−13)	6 (−14)	27 (−3)	35 (2)	47 (8)	54 (12)	53 (12)	40 (4)	27 (−3)	18 (−8)	6 (−14)	2 (−17)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	3.96 (101)	3.86 (98)	3.89 (99)	3.29 (84)	4.04 (103)	5.47 (139)	5.80 (147)	5.29 (134)	4.49 (114)	3.52 (89)	3.09 (78)	3.78 (96)	50.48 (1,282)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	0.1 (0.25)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.1 (0.25)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	10.2	9.6	9.4	8.2	8.9	11.0	11.0	11.1	8.5	7.6	7.5	10.0	113.0
Source: NOAA [12] [13]

Demographics

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1860	997		—
1870	246		−75.3%
1880	2,140		769.9%
1890	2,964		38.5%
1900	4,455		50.3%
1910	5,906		32.6%
1920	7,290		23.4%
1930	8,776		20.4%
1940	10,521		19.9%
1950	15,322		45.6%
1960	13,852		−9.6%
1970	13,252		−4.3%
1980	14,933		12.7%
1990	13,739		−8.0%
2000	12,765		−7.1%
2010	13,964		9.4%
2020	13,240		−5.2%
U.S. Decennial Census [3]

2020 census

Orangeburg, South Carolina – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.

Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)	Pop 2000 [14]	Pop 2010 [15]	Pop 2020 [16]	% 2000	% 2010	2020
White alone (NH)	3,758	2,891	2,237	29.44%	20.70%	16.90%
Black or African American alone (NH)	8,577	10,411	10,119	67.19%	74.56%	76.43%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)	17	24	48	0.13%	0.17%	0.36%
Asian alone (NH)	145	231	277	1.14%	1.65%	2.09%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)	5	7	14	0.04%	0.05%	0.11%
Some Other Race alone (NH)	30	12	36	0.24%	0.09%	0.27%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH)	68	122	249	0.53%	0.87%	1.88%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	165	266	260	1.29%	1.90%	1.96%
Total	12,765	13,964	13,240	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 13,240 people, 4,455 households, and 2,283 families residing in the city.

2010 census

As of the census ^[4] of 2010, there were 13,964 people, 4,512 households, and 2,526 families residing in the city. The population density was 1648.8 There were 5,168 housing units at an average density of 623.1 per square mile (240.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 75.04% African American, 19.2% White, 0.18% Native American, 1.74% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.79% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.

There were 4,421 households, out of which 18.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.5% were married couples living together, 18.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.0% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.7% under the age of 18, 28.6% from 18 to 24, 21.0% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 76.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,306, and the median income for a family was $37,008. Males had a median income of $30,310 versus $21,935 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,263. About 17.9% of families and 24.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.7% of those under age 18 and 14.8% of those age 65 or over.

Government and crime

Government

The city operates under the council-manager form of government. The governing body is composed of a mayor and six members. The mayor is determined through a nonpartisan, at-large election for a four-year term of office while Council Members are chosen through nonpartisan, single-member district (SMD) elections. Council members are elected to staggered four-year terms of office.

The City council is a legislative body, establishing policies with recommendations from the professional city administrator, who is hired by the council. The city administrator acts as the chief administrator of the council's policies implemented through the administrative control of city departments given to him by ordinance.

Mayor

• Michael C. Butler

Council Members

• Richard F. Stroman
• Charles W. Jernigan
• Charles B. Barnwell, Jr.
• Bernard Haire
• L. Zimmerman Keitt (Mayor Pro Tem)
• Sandra P. Knotts

State Senators

• Brad Hutto
• Vernon Stephens

Crime

The following table shows Orangeburg's crime rate in 6 crimes that Morgan Quitno uses in its calculations for "America's most dangerous cities" rankings, in comparison to 10,000 people. The statistics provided are not for the actual number of crimes committed, but for the number of crimes committed per capita. ^[17]

Crime	Orangeburg, SC (2009)	per 10,000 people
Murder	1	.75
Rape	9	6.78
Robbery	36	25.61
Assault	35	26.36
Burglary	232	174.73
Automobile Theft	65	48.95
Arson	2	1.51

Education

Colleges and universities

• Claflin University, founded in 1869, is the oldest historically black university in the state of South Carolina. In 2014 it was ranked by Washington Monthly as the top liberal arts college in the state and the top HBCU in the country. ^[18]
• South Carolina State University is a 4-year public historically Black institution in Orangeburg, founded in 1896.
• Orangeburg–Calhoun Technical College is a member of the American Association of Community Colleges and is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) to award associate degrees.

Public schools

• Orangeburg Consolidated School District Three
• Consolidated School District Four
• Orangeburg Consolidated School District Five
• Orangeburg-Wilkinson Senior High School

Charter schools

• OCSD5 High School for Health Professions
• Felton Laboratory Charter School

Private schools

• Orangeburg Preparatory Schools, Inc.
• Orangeburg Christian Academy

Library

Orangeburg has a public library, a branch of the Orangeburg County Library. ^[19]

Media

The Times and Democrat serves as the daily newspaper for the Orangeburg area.

Transportation

Terminals

• Orangeburg Municipal Airport
• Greyhound
• Southeastern Stages

Highways

• U.S. Route 301
• U.S. Route 601
• U.S. Route 21
• U.S. Route 178
• South Carolina Highway 4
• South Carolina Highway 33
• Interstate 26 (via Exits 145, 149 and 154)

Events and attractions

St. Paul's United Methodist Church, Orangeburg, South Carolina

Garden

The Edisto Memorial Gardens displays past and current award-winning roses from the All-American Rose Selections. Some 4,000 plants representing at least 75 labeled varieties of roses are always on display in the Gardens. The site was first developed in the 1920s with some azaleas on 5 acres (20,000 m²) of land. A playground was added in 1922, and a greenhouse and nursery facility in 1947. To extend the season of beauty, the first rose garden was planted in 1951. Currently, there are more than 50 beds of roses ranging from miniatures from grandiflora to climbers on over 150 acres (0.61 km²) of land.

Museum

The IP Stanback Museum & Planetarium, named for the first African-American chairman of the university's board of trustees, Israel Pinkney Stanback, had its origin in the basement of the then South Carolina State College's library in the early 1970s. The Museum and Planetarium is located on the campus of South Carolina State University and signifies their commitment to community service. The Museum's exhibition area is one of the largest in the state. Its forty-foot planetarium dome, located across the foyer adjacent to the galleries, has an auditorium capacity of eighty-two seats and a Minolta IIB Planetarium Projector. The building is easily accessible to the handicapped and is a uniquely adaptable facility, capable of hosting many different types of presentations.

Festivals

The Orangeburg Festival of Roses began as a vision held by a group of citizens seeking a way to enhance the development of Orangeburg and improve the quality of life for its residents. As a result of that vision, the first festival was held in 1972. The Greater Orangeburg Chamber of Commerce was the sole sponsor of that first festival. At present the City of Orangeburg and the Orangeburg County Chamber of Commerce are co-sponsors of the event. The festival includes such events as a river race, a basscatcher tournament, the Princess of Roses pageant, and various sports tournaments.

During the winter in Orangeburg, more festivities get under way when raccoon hunters from throughout the Southeast gather for the Grand American Coon Hunt. Also on the "Top Twenty" list, the hunt, which takes place each year in early January, in the largest field trial for coon dogs in the United States and is a qualifying event for the World Coon Hunt.

Landmarks

The following notable buildings and districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: ^[20]

• Alan Mack Site (38OR67)
• All-Star Triangle Bowl
• Amelia Street Historic District
• Claflin College Historic District
• Dixie Library Building
• Donald Bruce House
• Dukes Gymnasium
• East Russell Street Area Historic District
• Ellis Avenue Historic District
• Enterprise Cotton Mills Building
• F.H.W. Briggman House
• Great Branch Teacherage
• Hodge Hall
• Hotel Eutaw
• Lowman Hall, South Carolina State College
• Maj. John Hammond Fordham House
• Mt. Pisgah Baptist Church
• Orangeburg City Cemetery
• Orangeburg County Fair Main Exhibit Building
• Orangeburg County Jail
• Orangeburg Downtown Historic District
• South Carolina State College Historic District
• William P. Stroman House
• Tingley Memorial Hall, Claflin College
• Treadwell Street Historic District
• Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church
• White House United Methodist Church
• Whitman Street Area Historic District
• Williams Chapel A.M.E. Church

Notable people

• Donnie Abraham: football player for East Tennessee State University, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, New York Jets.
• Thomas G. Andrews: attorney and Associate Justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court was born in Orangeburg in 1882.
• Alex Barron: Florida State tackle, drafted by the St. Louis Rams 19th overall in the 2005 NFL Draft.
• Shelton Benjamin: professional wrestler and former amateur wrestler currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment, born in Orangeburg on July 9, 1975.
• Gloria Blackwell: educator and civil rights activist.
• Jim Clyburn: Congressman, South Carolina State University alumnus, class of 1961
• Choo-Choo Coleman: former baseball catcher for the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies.
• Monique Coleman: actress and singer, most notably from High School Musical , High School Musical 3: Senior Year and High School Musical 2 .
• Angell Conwell: actress, born in Orangeburg, SC on August 2, 1983.
• Bob Corker: U.S. senator from Tennessee, born in Orangeburg on August 24, 1952.
• Don Covay: musician, born in Orangeburg on March 24, 1938.
• Xzavion Curry: MLB player
• Woodrow Dantzler: Clemson University quarterback and AFL player; first player in NCAA history to pass for more than 2,000 yards (1,800 m) and rush for more than 1,000 yards (910 m) in a single season.
• Manish Dayal: actor, born in Orangeburg on June 17, 1983.
• Ralph B. Everett: President and CEO of the Washington, D.C.-based Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, born in Orangeburg, SC on June 23, 1951.
• Abby Fisher: one of the first African-American cookbook authors, born as a slave in Orangeburg in June, 1831.
• Michael Hackett (born 1960): basketball player, Liga Profesional de Baloncesto MVP in 1984, and Israeli League Top Scorer in 1991
• Jaime Harrison: Chairman of the Democratic National Committee and South Carolina Democratic Party, born in Orangeburg on February 5, 1976.
• Deveron Harper: NFL player
• Dwayne Harper: professional football cornerback who played 12 seasons in the National Football League.
• Nikki Haley: former Governor of South Carolina, Orangeburg Preparatory Schools alumnus, class of 1989.
• Israel Hicks (1943–2010): stage director who presented August Wilson's entire 10-play Pittsburgh Cycle. ^[21]
• Corinne Stocker Horton (1871–1947): elocutionist and journalist
• Brad Hutto: Minority Leader of the South Carolina Senate
• Tim Jennings: University of Georgia cornerback, drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the 2nd round of the 2006 NFL Draft.
• Brice Johnson: basketball star at University of North Carolina. First-Team All-American at UNC and led the Tar Heels to the National Championship game. 1st Round NBA draft pick of the Los Angeles Clippers.
• Maurice Kelly: NFL and CFL player
• Mikki Moore: professional basketball player who has played for 9 teams.
• Benjamin F. Payton (1932-2016), President of Tuskegee University (1981 to 2010). ^[22]
• Walter Merritt Riggs, engineering professor, first football coach at Clemson University, President of Clemson University, 1910–1924, born in Orangeburg on January 24, 1873.
• Curtis C. Robinson (August 25, 1919 ~ October 12, 2009), former U.S. Army Air Force officer, pharmacist, and combat fighter pilot/jet pilot with the prodigious Tuskegee Airmen ^{[23] [24]}
• Eugene Robinson: op-ed columnist, The Washington Post, born in Orangeburg in 1955.
• Rusty Russell: football player for the Philadelphia Eagles, Orlando Predators, Charlotte Rage and Florida Bobcats.
• Mike Sharperson (1961-1996): Major League Baseball player for Los Angeles Dodgers, Toronto Blue Jays and Atlanta Braves, member of 1988 World Series championship team; born in Orangeburg on Oct. 4, 1961.
• Shawnee Smith: actress and musician, well known for her roles as Amanda Young in Saw I-VI and Linda in the TV series Becker ; also half of the country-rock band Smith & Pyle alongside actress Missi Pyle; born in Orangeburg, SC on July 3, 1970.
• Steve Sonic: musician, founder of seminal punk band Red Menace and member of punk band Bored Suburban Youth.
• Bill Spiers: Major League Baseball player for Milwaukee Brewers, New York Mets, and Houston Astros.
• Archie Spigner: New York City Council member; born in Orangeburg, SC
• Cecil Williams: photographer, civil rights activist, author and inventor; born in Orangeburg in 1937
• Johnny Williams: jazz musician with the Count Basie Orchestra for 40 years
• Karen J. Williams: Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, born in Orangeburg in 1951.
• Herm Winningham: Major League Baseball player and World Series champion (1990).

References

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Orangeburg, South Carolina
3. "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
4. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31, 2008.
5. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
6. "Orangeburg City Quick Fact". census.gov. U.S. Government. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
7. "History & Timeline", Civil Rights Movement Archive
8. "Our Mission". Archived from the original on January 15, 2016.
9. "County Wins All-America City Award". The Times and Democrat . June 27, 2005.
10. "U.S. President Joseph R. Biden Jr. to address SC State graduates at Dec. 17 commencement". December 11, 2021.
11. "Orangeburg, South Carolina Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase.
12. "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
13. "Station: Orangeburg 2, SC". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
14. "P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Orangeburg city, South Carolina". United States Census Bureau .
15. "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Orangeburg city, South Carolina". United States Census Bureau .
16. "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Orangeburg city, South Carolina". United States Census Bureau .
17. "Orangeburg, South Carolina (SC 29117) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders". City-data.com. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
18. "Claflin University Receives Top State HBCU Ranking by Washington Monthly" Archived 2015-03-09 at archive.today , Claflin University, 28 August 2014
19. "Locations & Hours". Greenville County Library System. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
20. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
21. Weber, Bruce. "Israel Hicks, Director of August Wilson’s Cycle, Dies at 66", The New York Times , July 7, 2010. Accessed July 8, 2010.
22. Roberts, Sam (October 11, 2016). "Benjamin Payton, Transformative Leader of Tuskegee University, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
23. "Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Roster". CAF Rise Above. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
24. Legacy - The Washington Post. "CURTIS C. "CC" ROBINSON." https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/washingtonpost/name/curtis-robinson-obituary?pid=172778397

Further reading

• a b c "Census QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Census.gov. Retrieved 2012-01-22.

External links

• City website
• The Orangeburg Regional Medical Center