1944 United States presidential election in Texas

Last updated February 22, 2024

The 1944 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 7, 1944, as part of the 1944 United States presidential election. State voters chose 23 electors^[1] to represent the state in the Electoral College, which chose the president and vice president.

Incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt won Texas in a landslide, taking 71.42% of the state's vote to Republican Thomas E. Dewey's 16.64%. The Texas Regulars, a group of conservative Democrats who opposed Roosevelt's New Deal and ran a ticket of unpledged electors, took 11.77% of the vote.

As a former Confederate state, Texas had a history of Jim Crow laws, disenfranchisement of African-American and Mexican-American populations, and single-party Democratic rule. The only exceptions to this were a few local governments in Unionist German-American counties (chiefly Gillespie and Kendall) in Central Texas. Since 1930, no Republicans had served in either house of the Texas Legislature, and Democratic candidates for federal office routinely won the state by an overwhelming margin (Franklin Roosevelt won more than 87% of Texas' ballots in both 1932 and 1936). Many of Texas' officeholders were highly critical of Roosevelt's decision in 1940 to replace conservative Texan John Nance Garner with liberal Northerner Henry A. Wallace as his running mate.^[2] This antipathy grew far worse when, in March 1944, the landmark case of Smith v. Allwright ruled unconstitutional the white primaries upon which the politics of Texas and most other Southern states were based.^{[lower-alpha 1]} The result was that Texas' oil and natural gas industries became powerfully opposed to the re-nomination of President Roosevelt,^[3] and called for the reversal of New Deal policies alongside the "return of states' rights" and "restoration of white supremacy".^[4]

At first, these anti-New Deal Democrats attempted to take over the state Democratic organization, send anti-Roosevelt delegates to the national convention,^[5] and prevent the seating of Black delegates at that convention.^[6] When this failed, and Roosevelt loyalists maintained control of the state Democratic delegation,^[2] the anti-New Deal groups formed the "Texas Regulars", led by Merritt Gibson, who would later join Strom Thurmond's Dixiecrat movement.^[6]

Although their electors were not pledged to any candidate, the Regulars were able to gain access to the ballot ^[7] in September.^[8] Support from Governor Pappy O'Daniel, however, failed to obscure that the Regulars' support was largely confined to affluent urban areas and a few traditional plantation districts, plus the fact that some of their support came from the state's small traditional Republican presidential vote.^[9] Consequently, Texas again voted overwhelming for incumbent President Roosevelt and his new running mate, Missouri Senator Harry S. Truman. Washington County nonetheless gave the Regulars 52 percent of its ballots and thus became the first county in the nation to go for a third party since 1924, when Robert La Follette won over 16% of the national vote and more than a sixth of the nation's counties, Roosevelt remains the most recent Democratic presidential candidate to carry Texas more than once.^[10]

Houston dentist Lonnie E. Smith, plaintiff in the landmark Supreme Court case Smith v. Allwright, casts his ballot in the 1944 Texas Democratic primary (July 22, 1944). Lonnie-Smith-1944.jpg — Houston dentist Lonnie E. Smith, plaintiff in the landmark Supreme Court case *Smith v. Allwright* , casts his ballot in the 1944 Texas Democratic primary (July 22, 1944).

Results

1944 United States presidential election in Texas^[11]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Franklin D. Roosevelt (inc.)	821,605	71.42%
	Republican	Thomas E. Dewey	191,425	16.64%
	Texas Regulars	Unpledged electors	135,439	11.77%
	Prohibition	Claude Watson	1,017	0.09%
	Socialist	Norman Thomas	594	0.05%
	America First	Gerald Smith	251	0.02%
Total votes			1,150,331	100%

Results by county

1944 United States presidential election in Texas by county^[12]
County	Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic		Thomas E. Dewey Republican		Unpledged electors Texas Regulars		Various candidates Other parties		Margin		Total votes cast
County	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	Total votes cast
Anderson	4,342	79.32%	467	8.53%	660	12.06%	5	0.09%	3,682^{[lower-alpha 2]}	67.26%	5,474
Andrews	329	81.44%	48	11.88%	21	5.20%	6	1.49%	281	69.55%	404
Angelina	4,387	74.38%	1,001	16.97%	508	8.61%	2	0.03%	3,386	57.41%	5,898
Aransas	456	73.43%	150	24.15%	12	1.93%	3	0.48%	306	49.28%	621
Archer	1,674	79.83%	194	9.25%	227	10.82%	2	0.10%	1,447^{[lower-alpha 2]}	69.00%	2,097
Armstrong	623	77.88%	132	16.50%	44	5.50%	1	0.13%	491	61.38%	800
Atascosa	1,757	66.40%	685	25.89%	202	7.63%	2	0.08%	1,072	40.51%	2,646
Austin	1,316	41.33%	619	19.44%	1,248	39.20%	1	0.03%	68^{[lower-alpha 2]}	2.14%	3,184
Bailey	943	64.68%	358	24.55%	153	10.49%	4	0.27%	585	40.12%	1,458
Bandera	532	42.29%	634	50.40%	92	7.31%	0	0.00%	-102	-8.11%	1,258
Bastrop	2,604	79.17%	385	11.71%	299	9.09%	1	0.03%	2,219	67.47%	3,289
Baylor	1,568	87.65%	102	5.70%	118	6.60%	1	0.06%	1,450^{[lower-alpha 2]}	81.05%	1,789
Bee	1,306	54.17%	848	35.17%	246	10.20%	11	0.46%	458	19.00%	2,411
Bell	6,960	77.72%	763	8.52%	1,216	13.58%	16	0.18%	5,744^{[lower-alpha 2]}	64.14%	8,955
Bexar	35,024	57.96%	23,588	39.04%	1,697	2.81%	118	0.20%	11,436	18.93%	60,427
Blanco	846	55.95%	533	35.25%	133	8.80%	0	0.00%	313	20.70%	1,512
Borden	237	76.95%	34	11.04%	36	11.69%	1	0.32%	201^{[lower-alpha 2]}	65.26%	308
Bosque	2,502	75.02%	504	15.11%	324	9.72%	5	0.15%	1,998	59.91%	3,335
Bowie	7,045	79.14%	790	8.87%	1,063	11.94%	4	0.04%	5,982^{[lower-alpha 2]}	67.20%	8,902
Brazoria	5,543	72.07%	850	11.05%	1,286	16.72%	12	0.16%	4,257^{[lower-alpha 2]}	55.35%	7,691
Brazos	3,358	76.75%	464	10.61%	548	12.53%	5	0.11%	2,810^{[lower-alpha 2]}	64.23%	4,375
Brewster	864	72.85%	237	19.98%	83	7.00%	2	0.17%	627	52.87%	1,186
Briscoe	615	74.28%	80	9.66%	131	15.82%	2	0.24%	484^{[lower-alpha 2]}	58.45%	828
Brooks	403	63.46%	142	22.36%	86	13.54%	4	0.63%	261	41.10%	635
Brown	2,426	68.45%	430	12.13%	675	19.05%	13	0.37%	1,751^{[lower-alpha 2]}	49.41%	3,544
Burleson	1,992	82.76%	158	6.56%	256	10.64%	1	0.04%	1,736^{[lower-alpha 2]}	72.12%	2,407
Burnet	1,697	80.35%	228	10.80%	183	8.66%	4	0.19%	1,469	69.55%	2,112
Caldwell	2,916	75.00%	704	18.11%	266	6.84%	2	0.05%	2,212	56.89%	3,888
Calhoun	732	68.22%	158	14.73%	176	16.40%	7	0.65%	556^{[lower-alpha 2]}	51.82%	1,073
Callahan	1,962	79.66%	224	9.09%	276	11.21%	1	0.04%	1,686^{[lower-alpha 2]}	68.45%	2,463
Cameron	5,998	50.63%	5,309	44.82%	510	4.31%	29	0.24%	689	5.82%	11,846
Camp	977	71.42%	180	13.16%	210	15.35%	1	0.07%	767^{[lower-alpha 2]}	56.07%	1,368
Carson	1,216	68.97%	446	25.30%	97	5.50%	4	0.23%	770	43.68%	1,763
Cass	2,866	76.59%	541	14.46%	331	8.85%	4	0.11%	2,325	62.13%	3,742
Castro	838	69.66%	222	18.45%	143	11.89%	0	0.00%	616	51.21%	1,203
Chambers	1,038	78.10%	179	13.47%	110	8.28%	2	0.15%	859	64.64%	1,329
Cherokee	3,918	76.14%	598	11.62%	620	12.05%	10	0.19%	3,298^{[lower-alpha 2]}	64.09%	5,146
Childress	2,295	82.05%	299	10.69%	199	7.11%	4	0.14%	1,996	71.36%	2,797
Clay	2,307	77.42%	311	10.44%	358	12.01%	4	0.13%	1,949^{[lower-alpha 2]}	65.40%	2,980
Cochran	716	71.60%	123	12.30%	157	15.70%	4	0.40%	559^{[lower-alpha 2]}	55.90%	1,000
Coke	824	85.92%	65	6.78%	69	7.19%	1	0.10%	755^{[lower-alpha 2]}	78.73%	959
Coleman	2,887	77.94%	498	13.44%	312	8.42%	7	0.19%	2,389	64.50%	3,704
Collin	6,574	78.79%	974	11.67%	784	9.40%	12	0.14%	5,600	67.11%	8,344
Collingsworth	1,725	79.79%	261	12.07%	168	7.77%	8	0.37%	1,464	67.72%	2,162
Colorado	1,517	48.97%	638	20.59%	931	30.05%	12	0.39%	586^{[lower-alpha 2]}	18.92%	3,098
Comal	787	26.33%	2,021	67.61%	178	5.96%	3	0.10%	-1,234	-41.28%	2,989
Comanche	2,941	77.66%	356	9.40%	484	12.78%	6	0.16%	2,457^{[lower-alpha 2]}	64.88%	3,787
Concho	1,090	79.91%	151	11.07%	123	9.02%	0	0.00%	939	68.84%	1,364
Cooke	3,270	66.22%	919	18.61%	730	14.78%	19	0.38%	2,351	47.61%	4,938
Coryell	2,518	79.71%	413	13.07%	228	7.22%	0	0.00%	2,105	66.64%	3,159
Cottle	2,551	91.89%	130	4.68%	94	3.39%	1	0.04%	2,421	87.21%	2,776
Crane	552	86.38%	58	9.08%	25	3.91%	4	0.63%	494	77.31%	639
Crockett	323	65.65%	112	22.76%	57	11.59%	0	0.00%	211	42.89%	492
Crosby	1,691	79.50%	201	9.45%	230	10.81%	5	0.24%	1,461^{[lower-alpha 2]}	68.69%	2,127
Culberson	200	79.68%	17	6.77%	34	13.55%	0	0.00%	166^{[lower-alpha 2]}	66.14%	251
Dallam	1,118	69.44%	323	20.06%	167	10.37%	2	0.12%	795	49.38%	1,610
Dallas	60,909	64.77%	21,099	22.44%	11,781	12.53%	247	0.26%	39,810	42.33%	94,036
Dawson	2,149	74.83%	472	16.43%	244	8.50%	7	0.24%	1,677	58.39%	2,872
Deaf Smith	1,117	61.88%	508	28.14%	176	9.75%	4	0.22%	609	33.74%	1,805
Delta	1,706	85.86%	133	6.69%	148	7.45%	0	0.00%	1,558^{[lower-alpha 2]}	78.41%	1,987
Denton	5,584	78.54%	771	10.84%	739	10.39%	16	0.23%	4,813	67.69%	7,110
De Witt	1,884	45.00%	1,879	44.88%	419	10.01%	5	0.12%	5	0.12%	4,187
Dickens	1,617	86.06%	141	7.50%	117	6.23%	4	0.21%	1,476	78.55%	1,879
Dimmit	554	56.70%	328	33.57%	95	9.72%	0	0.00%	226	23.13%	977
Donley	1,170	74.90%	280	17.93%	108	6.91%	4	0.26%	890	56.98%	1,562
Duval	3,353	95.31%	136	3.87%	28	0.80%	1	0.03%	3,217	91.44%	3,518
Eastland	4,607	75.87%	643	10.59%	809	13.32%	13	0.21%	3,798^{[lower-alpha 2]}	62.55%	6,072
Ector	2,265	73.28%	432	13.98%	384	12.42%	10	0.32%	1,833	59.30%	3,091
Edwards	348	59.39%	187	31.91%	48	8.19%	3	0.51%	161	27.47%	586
Ellis	7,065	85.08%	666	8.02%	564	6.79%	9	0.11%	6,399	77.06%	8,304
El Paso	11,426	72.69%	2,072	13.18%	2,202	14.01%	18	0.11%	9,224^{[lower-alpha 2]}	58.68%	15,718
Erath	3,330	79.84%	411	9.85%	415	9.95%	15	0.36%	2,915^{[lower-alpha 2]}	69.89%	4,171
Falls	3,191	75.63%	377	8.94%	648	15.36%	3	0.07%	2,543^{[lower-alpha 2]}	60.27%	4,219
Fannin	5,984	83.54%	677	9.45%	496	6.92%	6	0.08%	5,307	74.09%	7,163
Fayette	3,156	52.34%	1,611	26.72%	1,251	20.75%	12	0.20%	1,545	25.62%	6,030
Fisher	2,041	87.52%	154	6.60%	135	5.79%	2	0.09%	1,887	80.92%	2,332
Floyd	1,756	71.73%	370	15.11%	320	13.07%	2	0.08%	1,386	56.62%	2,448
Foard	925	85.65%	84	7.78%	69	6.39%	2	0.19%	841	77.87%	1,080
Fort Bend	2,781	69.87%	442	11.11%	752	18.89%	5	0.13%	2,029^{[lower-alpha 2]}	50.98%	3,980
Franklin	1,336	83.45%	147	9.18%	110	6.87%	8	0.50%	1,189	74.27%	1,601
Freestone	2,427	80.31%	277	9.17%	312	10.32%	6	0.20%	2,115^{[lower-alpha 2]}	69.99%	3,022
Frio	951	69.47%	293	21.40%	124	9.06%	1	0.07%	658	48.06%	1,369
Gaines	1,173	79.74%	173	11.76%	118	8.02%	7	0.48%	1,000	67.98%	1,471
Galveston	11,748	77.94%	1,542	10.23%	1,757	11.66%	27	0.18%	9,991^{[lower-alpha 2]}	66.28%	15,074
Garza	842	72.65%	144	12.42%	169	14.58%	4	0.35%	673^{[lower-alpha 2]}	58.07%	1,159
Gillespie	333	9.32%	2,950	82.56%	287	8.03%	3	0.08%	-2,617	-73.24%	3,573
Glasscock	185	68.77%	34	12.64%	48	17.84%	2	0.74%	137^{[lower-alpha 2]}	50.93%	269
Goliad	641	47.55%	609	45.18%	95	7.05%	3	0.22%	32	2.37%	1,348
Gonzales	2,804	70.33%	841	21.09%	338	8.48%	4	0.10%	1,963	49.24%	3,987
Gray	3,067	61.48%	1,739	34.86%	172	3.45%	11	0.22%	1,328	26.62%	4,989
Grayson	11,636	82.70%	1,372	9.75%	1,044	7.42%	18	0.13%	10,264	72.95%	14,070
Gregg	6,401	70.52%	1,412	15.56%	1,249	13.76%	15	0.17%	4,989	54.96%	9,077
Grimes	1,559	79.14%	137	6.95%	274	13.91%	0	0.00%	1,285^{[lower-alpha 2]}	65.23%	1,970
Guadalupe	1,583	36.45%	2,556	58.85%	200	4.61%	4	0.09%	-973	-22.40%	4,343
Hale	3,066	70.02%	712	16.26%	594	13.56%	7	0.16%	2,354	53.76%	4,379
Hall	1,812	85.96%	164	7.78%	126	5.98%	6	0.28%	1,648	78.18%	2,108
Hamilton	1,790	71.63%	344	13.77%	363	14.53%	2	0.08%	1,427^{[lower-alpha 2]}	57.10%	2,499
Hansford	590	70.07%	203	24.11%	49	5.82%	0	0.00%	387	45.96%	842
Hardeman	1,756	80.81%	223	10.26%	192	8.84%	2	0.09%	1,533	70.55%	2,173
Hardin	2,632	84.20%	243	7.77%	234	7.49%	17	0.54%	2,389	76.42%	3,126
Harris	71,077	68.27%	11,843	11.37%	21,095	20.26%	104	0.10%	49,982^{[lower-alpha 2]}	48.00%	104,119
Harrison	3,588	71.63%	619	12.36%	782	15.61%	20	0.40%	2,806^{[lower-alpha 2]}	56.02%	5,009
Hartley	484	93.08%	26	5.00%	10	1.92%	0	0.00%	458	88.08%	520
Haskell	2,573	83.46%	261	8.47%	249	8.08%	0	0.00%	2,312	74.99%	3,083
Hays	1,690	69.60%	495	20.39%	241	9.93%	2	0.08%	1,195	49.22%	2,428
Hemphill	792	69.29%	274	23.97%	70	6.12%	7	0.61%	518	45.32%	1,143
Henderson	3,219	76.28%	427	10.12%	566	13.41%	8	0.19%	2,653^{[lower-alpha 2]}	62.87%	4,220
Hidalgo	7,250	59.26%	4,080	33.35%	865	7.07%	39	0.32%	3,170	25.91%	12,234
Hill	4,876	81.48%	516	8.62%	582	9.73%	10	0.17%	4,294^{[lower-alpha 2]}	71.76%	5,984
Hockley	2,641	78.44%	319	9.47%	400	11.88%	7	0.21%	2,241^{[lower-alpha 2]}	66.56%	3,367
Hood	1,203	81.73%	146	9.92%	120	8.15%	3	0.20%	1,057	71.81%	1,472
Hopkins	3,981	81.64%	533	10.93%	348	7.14%	14	0.29%	3,448	70.71%	4,876
Houston	2,329	74.03%	233	7.41%	584	18.56%	0	0.00%	1,745^{[lower-alpha 2]}	55.47%	3,146
Howard	3,588	82.79%	334	7.71%	404	9.32%	8	0.18%	3,184^{[lower-alpha 2]}	73.47%	4,334
Hudspeth	333	84.09%	35	8.84%	28	7.07%	0	0.00%	298	75.25%	396
Hunt	6,200	77.14%	714	8.88%	1,105	13.75%	18	0.22%	5,095^{[lower-alpha 2]}	63.39%	8,037
Hutchinson	2,760	72.14%	864	22.58%	196	5.12%	6	0.16%	1,896	49.56%	3,826
Irion	363	80.13%	54	11.92%	35	7.73%	1	0.22%	309	68.21%	453
Jack	1,484	75.52%	217	11.04%	264	13.44%	0	0.00%	1,220^{[lower-alpha 2]}	62.09%	1,965
Jackson	1,708	74.39%	344	14.98%	244	10.63%	0	0.00%	1,364	59.41%	2,296
Jasper	1,850	76.23%	341	14.05%	235	9.68%	1	0.04%	1,509	62.18%	2,427
Jeff Davis	331	79.38%	51	12.23%	35	8.39%	0	0.00%	280	67.15%	417
Jefferson	22,066	75.88%	4,525	15.56%	2,445	8.41%	44	0.15%	17,541	60.32%	29,080
Jim Hogg	620	86.96%	77	10.80%	16	2.24%	0	0.00%	543	76.16%	713
Jim Wells	1,908	59.79%	1,113	34.88%	167	5.23%	3	0.09%	795	24.91%	3,191
Johnson	4,757	80.68%	546	9.26%	582	9.87%	11	0.19%	4,175^{[lower-alpha 2]}	70.81%	5,896
Jones	3,417	83.00%	361	8.77%	336	8.16%	3	0.07%	3,056	74.23%	4,117
Karnes	1,920	67.23%	692	24.23%	241	8.44%	3	0.11%	1,228	43.00%	2,856
Kaufman	4,251	82.77%	430	8.37%	441	8.59%	14	0.27%	3,810^{[lower-alpha 2]}	74.18%	5,136
Kendall	309	17.54%	1,337	75.88%	114	6.47%	2	0.11%	-1,028	-58.34%	1,762
Kenedy	16	19.51%	60	73.17%	5	6.10%	1	1.22%	-44	-53.66%	82
Kent	572	86.93%	31	4.71%	55	8.36%	0	0.00%	517^{[lower-alpha 2]}	78.57%	658
Kerr	1,377	46.79%	1,358	46.14%	204	6.93%	4	0.14%	19	0.65%	2,943
Kimble	880	70.57%	225	18.04%	142	11.39%	0	0.00%	655	52.53%	1,247
King	228	89.06%	13	5.08%	15	5.86%	0	0.00%	213^{[lower-alpha 2]}	83.20%	256
Kinney	401	66.61%	200	33.22%	1	0.17%	0	0.00%	201	33.39%	602
Kleberg	1,473	75.27%	421	21.51%	59	3.01%	4	0.20%	1,052	53.76%	1,957
Knox	1,785	83.33%	156	7.28%	199	9.29%	2	0.09%	1,586^{[lower-alpha 2]}	74.04%	2,142
Lamar	6,283	81.10%	725	9.36%	732	9.45%	7	0.09%	5,551^{[lower-alpha 2]}	71.65%	7,747
Lamb	2,407	69.89%	616	17.89%	415	12.05%	6	0.17%	1,791	52.00%	3,444
Lampasas	1,693	81.95%	212	10.26%	160	7.74%	1	0.05%	1,481	71.68%	2,066
La Salle	692	80.47%	127	14.77%	41	4.77%	0	0.00%	565	65.70%	860
Lavaca	3,406	68.74%	960	19.37%	580	11.71%	9	0.18%	2,446	49.36%	4,955
Lee	953	43.40%	771	35.11%	463	21.08%	9	0.41%	182	8.29%	2,196
Leon	1,569	82.67%	140	7.38%	189	9.96%	0	0.00%	1,380^{[lower-alpha 2]}	72.71%	1,898
Liberty	2,561	74.12%	336	9.73%	551	15.95%	7	0.20%	2,010^{[lower-alpha 2]}	58.18%	3,455
Limestone	4,299	84.99%	239	4.73%	514	10.16%	6	0.12%	3,785^{[lower-alpha 2]}	74.83%	5,058
Lipscomb	551	53.39%	396	38.37%	76	7.36%	9	0.87%	155	15.02%	1,032
Live Oak	642	45.69%	548	39.00%	212	15.09%	3	0.21%	94	6.69%	1,405
Llano	1,199	77.96%	198	12.87%	140	9.10%	1	0.07%	1,001	65.08%	1,538
Loving	60	71.43%	18	21.43%	6	7.14%	0	0.00%	42	50.00%	84
Lubbock	7,654	70.50%	1,169	10.77%	2,021	18.62%	12	0.11%	5,633^{[lower-alpha 2]}	51.89%	10,856
Lynn	1,968	78.94%	263	10.55%	256	10.27%	6	0.24%	1,705	68.39%	2,493
Madison	1,115	85.31%	65	4.97%	125	9.56%	2	0.15%	990^{[lower-alpha 2]}	75.75%	1,307
Marion	1,057	76.54%	219	15.86%	104	7.53%	1	0.07%	838	60.68%	1,381
Martin	758	76.88%	131	13.29%	97	9.84%	0	0.00%	627	63.59%	986
Mason	822	54.95%	420	28.07%	248	16.58%	6	0.40%	402	26.87%	1,496
Matagorda	1,854	60.45%	412	13.43%	798	26.02%	3	0.10%	1,056^{[lower-alpha 2]}	34.43%	3,067
Maverick	787	70.14%	302	26.92%	30	2.67%	3	0.27%	485	43.23%	1,122
McCulloch	2,088	74.47%	463	16.51%	251	8.95%	2	0.07%	1,625	57.95%	2,804
McLennan	15,336	82.31%	1,668	8.95%	1,591	8.54%	36	0.19%	13,668	73.36%	18,631
McMullen	223	59.47%	106	28.27%	45	12.00%	1	0.27%	117	31.20%	375
Medina	1,469	43.35%	1,607	47.42%	311	9.18%	2	0.06%	-138	-4.07%	3,389
Menard	776	69.16%	96	8.56%	250	22.28%	0	0.00%	526^{[lower-alpha 2]}	46.88%	1,122
Midland	1,688	57.63%	302	10.31%	938	32.02%	1	0.03%	750^{[lower-alpha 2]}	25.61%	2,929
Milam	3,537	71.11%	623	12.53%	803	16.14%	11	0.22%	2,734^{[lower-alpha 2]}	54.97%	4,974
Mills	1,428	78.59%	172	9.47%	216	11.89%	1	0.06%	1,212^{[lower-alpha 2]}	66.70%	1,817
Mitchell	2,215	86.09%	218	8.47%	138	5.36%	2	0.08%	1,997	77.61%	2,573
Montague	2,900	78.17%	429	11.56%	375	10.11%	6	0.16%	2,471	66.60%	3,710
Montgomery	2,902	80.17%	219	6.05%	493	13.62%	6	0.17%	2,409^{[lower-alpha 2]}	66.55%	3,620
Moore	999	71.66%	313	22.45%	80	5.74%	2	0.14%	686	49.21%	1,394
Morris	1,269	85.98%	122	8.27%	85	5.76%	0	0.00%	1,147	77.71%	1,476
Motley	744	79.57%	107	11.44%	79	8.45%	5	0.53%	637	68.13%	935
Nacogdoches	3,226	77.14%	319	7.63%	619	14.80%	18	0.43%	2,607^{[lower-alpha 2]}	62.34%	4,182
Navarro	6,298	85.10%	449	6.07%	639	8.63%	15	0.20%	5,659^{[lower-alpha 2]}	76.46%	7,401
Newton	910	74.35%	187	15.28%	124	10.13%	3	0.25%	723	59.07%	1,224
Nolan	3,071	81.96%	322	8.59%	349	9.31%	5	0.13%	2,722^{[lower-alpha 2]}	72.64%	3,747
Nueces	11,091	70.32%	3,819	24.21%	835	5.29%	28	0.18%	7,272	46.10%	15,773
Ochiltree	863	65.93%	307	23.45%	136	10.39%	3	0.23%	556	42.48%	1,309
Oldham	277	67.73%	93	22.74%	36	8.80%	3	0.73%	184	44.99%	409
Orange	4,500	77.05%	910	15.58%	421	7.21%	9	0.15%	3,590	61.47%	5,840
Palo Pinto	3,291	79.76%	416	10.08%	410	9.94%	9	0.22%	2,875	69.68%	4,126
Panola	2,106	84.17%	221	8.83%	164	6.55%	11	0.44%	1,885	75.34%	2,502
Parker	3,503	76.90%	559	12.27%	476	10.45%	17	0.37%	2,944	64.63%	4,555
Parmer	810	58.53%	415	29.99%	157	11.34%	2	0.14%	395	28.54%	1,384
Pecos	1,226	74.17%	305	18.45%	120	7.26%	2	0.12%	921	55.72%	1,653
Polk	1,817	80.61%	154	6.83%	280	12.42%	3	0.13%	1,537^{[lower-alpha 2]}	68.19%	2,254
Potter	6,519	64.65%	2,759	27.36%	783	7.76%	23	0.23%	3,760	37.29%	10,084
Presidio	648	63.28%	211	20.61%	165	16.11%	0	0.00%	437	42.68%	1,024
Rains	628	68.56%	137	14.96%	149	16.27%	2	0.22%	479^{[lower-alpha 2]}	52.29%	916
Randall	1,439	68.04%	409	19.34%	263	12.43%	4	0.19%	1,030	48.70%	2,115
Reagan	426	81.92%	53	10.19%	40	7.69%	1	0.19%	373	71.73%	520
Real	326	59.38%	163	29.69%	59	10.75%	1	0.18%	163	29.69%	549
Red River	2,991	78.24%	466	12.19%	361	9.44%	5	0.13%	2,525	66.05%	3,823
Reeves	1,157	76.62%	201	13.31%	149	9.87%	3	0.20%	956	63.31%	1,510
Refugio	991	67.51%	376	25.61%	96	6.54%	5	0.34%	615	41.89%	1,468
Roberts	289	69.14%	89	21.29%	37	8.85%	3	0.72%	200	47.85%	418
Robertson	2,681	88.13%	126	4.14%	231	7.59%	4	0.13%	2,450^{[lower-alpha 2]}	80.54%	3,042
Rockwall	1,153	84.90%	98	7.22%	98	7.22%	9	0.66%	1,055	77.69%	1,358
Runnels	2,657	70.16%	685	18.09%	438	11.57%	7	0.18%	1,972	52.07%	3,787
Rusk	5,232	76.45%	637	9.31%	973	14.22%	2	0.03%	4,259^{[lower-alpha 2]}	62.23%	6,844
Sabine	1,169	80.68%	203	14.01%	75	5.18%	2	0.14%	966	66.67%	1,449
San Augustine	1,176	92.02%	102	7.98%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	1,074	84.04%	1,278
San Jacinto	522	72.50%	53	7.36%	145	20.14%	0	0.00%	377^{[lower-alpha 2]}	52.36%	720
San Patricio	2,712	70.61%	878	22.86%	242	6.30%	9	0.23%	1,834	47.75%	3,841
San Saba	2,109	88.13%	177	7.40%	104	4.35%	3	0.13%	1,932	80.74%	2,393
Schleicher	520	74.82%	84	12.09%	89	12.81%	2	0.29%	431^{[lower-alpha 2]}	62.01%	695
Scurry	1,761	80.93%	285	13.10%	130	5.97%	0	0.00%	1,476	67.83%	2,176
Shackelford	1,007	75.21%	135	10.08%	194	14.49%	3	0.22%	813^{[lower-alpha 2]}	60.72%	1,339
Shelby	2,927	82.13%	428	12.01%	205	5.75%	4	0.11%	2,499	70.12%	3,564
Sherman	454	77.74%	97	16.61%	32	5.48%	1	0.17%	357	61.13%	584
Smith	6,671	69.94%	936	9.81%	1,921	20.14%	10	0.10%	4,750^{[lower-alpha 2]}	49.80%	9,538
Somervell	406	65.38%	87	14.01%	127	20.45%	1	0.16%	279^{[lower-alpha 2]}	44.93%	621
Starr	1,312	94.05%	68	4.87%	15	1.08%	0	0.00%	1,244	89.18%	1,395
Stephens	2,104	75.04%	217	7.74%	479	17.08%	4	0.14%	1,625^{[lower-alpha 2]}	57.95%	2,804
Sterling	330	92.18%	18	5.03%	10	2.79%	0	0.00%	312	87.15%	358
Stonewall	902	83.52%	89	8.24%	89	8.24%	0	0.00%	813	75.28%	1,080
Sutton	449	70.60%	118	18.55%	69	10.85%	0	0.00%	331	52.04%	636
Swisher	1,275	70.09%	331	18.20%	208	11.43%	5	0.27%	944	51.90%	1,819
Tarrant	36,791	72.05%	4,113	8.05%	10,161	19.90%	0	0.00%	26,630^{[lower-alpha 2]}	52.15%	51,065
Taylor	7,975	81.86%	602	6.18%	1,149	11.79%	16	0.16%	6,826^{[lower-alpha 2]}	70.07%	9,742
Terrell	329	65.28%	156	30.95%	17	3.37%	2	0.40%	173	34.33%	504
Terry	2,304	82.88%	273	9.82%	203	7.30%	0	0.00%	2,031	73.06%	2,780
Throckmorton	970	81.93%	76	6.42%	135	11.40%	3	0.25%	835^{[lower-alpha 2]}	70.52%	1,184
Titus	2,612	84.07%	265	8.53%	226	7.27%	4	0.13%	2,347	75.54%	3,107
Tom Green	6,272	75.51%	1,125	13.54%	891	10.73%	18	0.22%	5,147	61.97%	8,306
Travis	14,384	74.80%	2,324	12.09%	2,496	12.98%	26	0.14%	11,888^{[lower-alpha 2]}	61.82%	19,230
Trinity	1,132	73.13%	127	8.20%	287	18.54%	2	0.13%	845^{[lower-alpha 2]}	54.59%	1,548
Tyler	1,037	72.98%	219	15.41%	162	11.40%	3	0.21%	818	57.57%	1,421
Upshur	2,369	70.32%	446	13.24%	548	16.27%	6	0.18%	1,821^{[lower-alpha 2]}	54.05%	3,369
Upton	742	81.09%	105	11.48%	66	7.21%	2	0.22%	637	69.62%	915
Uvalde	1,322	56.11%	856	36.33%	166	7.05%	12	0.51%	466	19.78%	2,356
Val Verde	1,210	60.96%	676	34.06%	98	4.94%	1	0.05%	534	26.90%	1,985
Van Zandt	3,139	74.65%	503	11.96%	540	12.84%	23	0.55%	2,599^{[lower-alpha 2]}	61.81%	4,205
Victoria	2,331	63.27%	936	25.41%	415	11.26%	2	0.05%	1,395	37.87%	3,684
Walker	1,638	80.41%	145	7.12%	254	12.47%	0	0.00%	1,384^{[lower-alpha 2]}	67.94%	2,037
Waller	1,007	70.13%	190	13.23%	234	16.30%	5	0.35%	773^{[lower-alpha 2]}	53.83%	1,436
Ward	1,448	79.60%	268	14.73%	97	5.33%	6	0.33%	1,180	64.87%	1,819
Washington	1,387	34.46%	534	13.27%	2,101	52.20%	3	0.07%	-714^{[lower-alpha 3]}	-17.74%	4,025
Webb	4,742	85.12%	776	13.93%	47	0.84%	6	0.11%	3,966	71.19%	5,571
Wharton	3,754	74.45%	529	10.49%	754	14.95%	5	0.10%	3,000^{[lower-alpha 2]}	59.50%	5,042
Wheeler	1,869	71.47%	511	19.54%	228	8.72%	7	0.27%	1,358	51.93%	2,615
Wichita	11,392	77.94%	1,597	10.93%	1,609	11.01%	18	0.12%	9,783^{[lower-alpha 2]}	66.93%	14,616
Wilbarger	3,382	76.53%	517	11.70%	513	11.61%	7	0.16%	2,865	64.83%	4,419
Willacy	846	48.70%	754	43.41%	133	7.66%	4	0.23%	92	5.30%	1,737
Williamson	5,284	71.11%	1,239	16.67%	885	11.91%	23	0.31%	4,045	54.43%	7,431
Wilson	2,666	75.46%	676	19.13%	185	5.24%	6	0.17%	1,990	56.33%	3,533
Winkler	1,004	84.16%	120	10.06%	68	5.70%	1	0.08%	884	74.10%	1,193
Wise	3,114	78.26%	444	11.16%	413	10.38%	8	0.20%	2,670	67.10%	3,979
Wood	3,045	75.35%	485	12.00%	503	12.45%	8	0.20%	2,542^{[lower-alpha 2]}	62.91%	4,041
Yoakum	646	77.00%	106	12.63%	86	10.25%	1	0.12%	540	64.36%	839
Young	3,183	77.37%	327	7.95%	596	14.49%	8	0.19%	2,587^{[lower-alpha 2]}	62.88%	4,114
Zapata	501	91.59%	43	7.86%	3	0.55%	0	0.00%	458	83.73%	547
Zavala	696	61.65%	342	30.29%	90	7.97%	1	0.09%	354	31.36%	1,129
Totals	821,605	71.42%	191,423	16.64%	135,411	11.77%	1,896	0.16%	630,182	54.78%	1,150,335

Notes

↑ Oklahoma, Tennessee, North Carolina and Virginia lacked statewide white primaries due to the presence of viable Republican opposition in the northwestern Plains or Appalachia, although many counties in these states did use white primaries (Fayette County, Tennessee was to conduct white primaries as late as 1959, fifteen years after Smith v. Allright).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 In this county where the unpledged "Texas Regulars" ran second ahead of Dewey, margin given is Roosevelt vote minus Texas Regulars vote and percentage margin Roosevelt percentage minus Texas Regulars percentage.
↑ In this county where the unpledged "Texas Regulars" ran ahead of both Roosevelt and Dewey, margin given is Roosevelt vote minus Texas Regulars vote and percentage margin Roosevelt percentage minus Texas Regulars percentage.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1944 United States presidential election</span> 40th quadrennial U.S. presidential election

The 1944 United States presidential election was the 40th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7, 1944. The election took place during World War II, which ended the following year. Incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Thomas E. Dewey to win an unprecedented fourth term. It was also the fifth presidential election in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state; the others have been in 1860, 1904, 1920, 1940, and 2016.

The Texas Regulars was a group based in Texas which was formed in 1944 to deny Franklin D. Roosevelt a majority of the Electoral College in the 1944 presidential election.

In United States presidential elections, an unpledged elector is a person nominated to stand as an elector but who has not pledged to support any particular presidential or vice presidential candidate, and is free to vote for any candidate when elected a member of the Electoral College. Presidential elections are indirect, with voters in each state choosing electors on Election Day in November, and these electors choosing the president and vice president of the United States in December. Electors in practice have since the 19th century almost always agreed in advance to vote for a particular candidate — that is, they are said to have been pledged to that candidate. In several elections in the 20th century, however, competitive campaigns were mounted by candidates who made no pledge to any presidential nominee before the election. These anomalies largely arose from fissures within the Democratic Party over the issues of civil rights and segregation. No serious general election campaign has been mounted to elect unpledged electors in any state since 1964.

The 1944 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 7, 1944. All contemporary 48 states were part of the 1944 United States presidential election. Voters chose 47 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 5, 1912 as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1948 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 2, 1948, in Mississippi as part of the wider United States presidential election of 1948.

The 1948 United States presidential election in Alabama was held on November 2, 1948. Alabama voters sent eleven electors to the Electoral College who voted for President and Vice-President. In Alabama, voters voted for electors individually instead of as a slate.

The 1968 United States presidential election in Mississippi was held on November 5, 1968. Mississippi voters chose seven electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice-President.

The 1960 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. This was the last election in which Mississippi had eight electoral votes: the Great Migration caused the state to lose congressional districts for the third time in four censuses before the next election.

The 1956 United States presidential election in Mississippi was held on November 6, 1956. Mississippi voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1956 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 6, 1956, as part of the 1956 United States presidential election. South Carolina voters chose eight representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1944 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 7, 1944, as part of the 1944 United States presidential election. State voters chose 8 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose twelve representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1948 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place on November 2, 1948, as part of the 1948 United States presidential election. State voters chose nine representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. This would be the last presidential election where Arkansas had nine electoral votes: the Great Migration would see the state lose three congressional districts in the next decade-and-a-half.

The 1948 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 2, 1948, as part of the 1948 United States presidential election. North Carolina voters chose 14 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1932 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 8, 1932, as part of the 1932 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1900 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 6, 1900, as part of the wider United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1944 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 7, 1944, as part of the 1944 United States presidential election. Mississippi voters chose nine representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1932 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 8, 1932, as part of the nationwide presidential election. Alabama voters chose eleven representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. In Alabama, voters voted for electors individually instead of as a slate, as in the other states.

References

↑ "1944 Election for the Fortieth Term (1945-1949)" . Retrieved April 3, 2018.
1 2 Campbell, Randolph B.; Gone to Texas: A History of the Lone Star State, p. 406 ISBN 0190642394
↑ McArthur, Judith N. and Smith, Harold L.; Minnie Fisher Cunningham: A Suffragist's Life in Politics, p. 168 ISBN 9780195304862
↑ Cunningham, Sean; Cowboy Conservatism: Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right, pp. 25–26
↑ Calvert, Robert A.; The History of Texas, p. 334 ISBN 1118617738
1 2 Walton, Hanes; Ford, Pearl K. and Allen, Josephine; Remaking the Democratic Party: Lyndon B. Johnson as a Native-Son Presidential Candidate, p. 48 ISBN 9780472119943
↑ Jones, Eugene W. (1977); Practicing Texas Politics, p. 118
↑ ‘Texas Regulars File Democratic Electors’; New York Times , September 26, 1944, p. 14
↑ Heard, Alexander (1952); A Two-Party South?, p. 260
↑ "The American Presidency Project - Election of 1944" . Retrieved April 3, 2018.
↑ Dave Leip's U.S. Election Atlas; 1944 Presidential General Election Results – Texas
↑ "1944 Presidential Election Popular Vote". Géoelections. (.xlsx file for €15)

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[3] Oklahoma, Tennessee, North Carolina and Virginia lacked statewide white primaries due to the presence of viable Republican opposition in the northwestern Plains or Appalachia, although many counties in these states did use white primaries (Fayette County, Tennessee was to conduct white primaries as late as 1959, fifteen years after Smith v. Allright).

[RegularsdDewey-14] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 In this county where the unpledged "Texas Regulars" ran second ahead of Dewey, margin given is Roosevelt vote minus Texas Regulars vote and percentage margin Roosevelt percentage minus Texas Regulars percentage.

[RegularsFirst-15] In this county where the unpledged "Texas Regulars" ran ahead of both Roosevelt and Dewey, margin given is Roosevelt vote minus Texas Regulars vote and percentage margin Roosevelt percentage minus Texas Regulars percentage.

[1] "1944 Election for the Fortieth Term (1945-1949)" . Retrieved April 3, 2018.

[Gone-2] 1 2 Campbell, Randolph B.; Gone to Texas: A History of the Lone Star State, p. 406 ISBN 0190642394

[4] McArthur, Judith N. and Smith, Harold L.; Minnie Fisher Cunningham: A Suffragist's Life in Politics, p. 168 ISBN 9780195304862

[5] Cunningham, Sean; Cowboy Conservatism: Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right, pp. 25–26

[6] Calvert, Robert A.; The History of Texas, p. 334 ISBN 1118617738

[Remaking-7] 1 2 Walton, Hanes; Ford, Pearl K. and Allen, Josephine; Remaking the Democratic Party: Lyndon B. Johnson as a Native-Son Presidential Candidate, p. 48 ISBN 9780472119943

[8] Jones, Eugene W. (1977); Practicing Texas Politics, p. 118

[9] ‘Texas Regulars File Democratic Electors’; New York Times , September 26, 1944, p. 14

[10] Heard, Alexander (1952); A Two-Party South?, p. 260

[11] "The American Presidency Project - Election of 1944" . Retrieved April 3, 2018.

[12] Dave Leip's U.S. Election Atlas; 1944 Presidential General Election Results – Texas

[Geoelections-13] "1944 Presidential Election Popular Vote". Géoelections. (.xlsx file for €15)

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