1984 United States presidential election in Texas

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1984 United States presidential election in Texas
Flag of Texas.svg
  1980 November 6, 1984 1988  
Turnout68.32% (of registered voters) Decrease2.svg
47.55% (of voting age population) [1]
  Ronald Reagan presidential portrait (cropped).jpg Walter Mondale 1977 vice presidential portrait (cropped).jpg
Nominee Ronald Reagan Walter Mondale
Party Republican Democratic
Home state California Minnesota
Running mate George H. W. Bush Geraldine Ferraro
Electoral vote290
Popular vote3,433,4281,949,276
Percentage63.61%36.11%

Texas Presidential Election Results 1984.svg
1984 US Presidential election in Texas by congressional district.svg

President before election

Ronald Reagan
Republican

Elected President

Ronald Reagan
Republican

The 1984 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 6, 1984. All fifty states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1984 United States presidential election. Texas voters chose 29 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president of the United States.

Contents

Texas was won by incumbent United States President Ronald Reagan of California, who was running against former Vice President Walter Mondale of Minnesota. Reagan ran for a second time with incumbent Vice President and former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas, and Mondale ran with Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York, the first major female candidate for the vice presidency.

Reagan carried Texas by a landslide margin of 27.5%; his 63.61% vote share made it his thirteenth-best state, and his second-best amongst states of the Old Confederacy, states that had voted for Carter in 1976, and states with at least 10 electoral votes (in each case, after Florida). Reagan performed strongly in the state's population centers; the state's three largest counties--Harris, Dallas, and Tarrant—had all become Republican strongholds in the state by this time (Ford carried all three while losing the state in 1976), and all gave Reagan over 60% of the vote. However, he also won the swing county of Bexar (San Antonio), which had voted for Carter in 1976, by double digits; and he flipped typically Democratic Travis County (Austin), whose last two Republican votes had been in 1972 and 1956, winning it, too, by double digits.

Mondale did retain some strength in some of the rural areas of Texas. Much of this strength was in the Rio Grande Valley. However, Mondale also carried a handful of the rural, largely white and Protestant counties '[lying] away from the Mexican border' that Democrats up to that point typically could not win Texas without. [2] Mondale carried a handful of counties in East Texas, for example, of which two (Orange and Newton) had voted for George Wallace in 1968. He also retained a handful of ancestrally Democratic counties in West Texas, in or directly south of the Panhandle. In a series of other rural counties which had voted for Carter twice, Mondale kept the margins narrow, such as in Jasper (which had also voted for Wallace), Fannin, and Waller (to name the largest ones). As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last time that El Paso County voted for a Republican candidate. [3]

70% of white voters supported Reagan while 30% supported Mondale. [4] [5]

Results

1984 United States presidential election in Texas
PartyCandidateVotesPercentageElectoral votes
Republican Ronald Reagan (incumbent)3,433,42863.61%29
Democratic Walter Mondale 1,949,27636.11%0
Independent Lyndon LaRouche 14,6130.27%0
Communist Party Gus Hall (write-in)126<0.01%0
Citizen's Party Sonia Johnson (write-in)87<0.01%0
New Alliance Party Dennis Serrette (write-in)41<0.01%0
Totals5,397,571100.0%29

Results by county

CountyRonald Reagan
Republican
Walter Mondale
Democratic
Various candidates
Other parties
MarginTotal
# %# %# %# %
Anderson 8,63464.32%4,74735.36%420.31%3,88728.96%13,423
Andrews 3,91882.48%82017.26%120.25%3,09865.22%4,750
Angelina 14,68561.62%9,05437.99%920.39%5,63123.63%23,831
Aransas 4,35271.73%1,69627.95%190.31%2,65643.78%6,067
Archer 2,48769.33%1,08930.36%110.31%1,39838.97%3,587
Armstrong 79176.50%23823.02%50.48%55353.48%1,034
Atascosa 5,27959.68%3,54740.10%190.21%1,73219.58%8,845
Austin 4,87271.29%1,94128.40%210.31%2,93142.89%6,834
Bailey 1,88873.01%68426.45%140.54%1,20446.56%2,586
Bandera 3,15280.04%77119.58%150.38%2,38160.46%3,938
Bastrop 6,43957.38%4,74442.28%380.34%1,69515.10%11,221
Baylor 1,31456.01%1,01943.44%130.55%29512.57%2,346
Bee 5,37759.32%3,65940.37%280.31%1,71818.95%9,064
Bell 31,11769.52%13,32229.76%3230.72%17,79539.76%44,762
Bexar 203,31959.65%136,94740.18%5600.16%66,37219.47%340,826
Blanco 1,95773.43%70026.27%80.30%1,25747.16%2,665
Borden 32569.44%14029.91%30.64%18539.53%468
Bosque 3,92365.57%2,04634.20%140.23%1,87731.37%5,983
Bowie 18,24464.22%10,07735.47%880.31%8,16728.75%28,409
Brazoria 39,16667.52%18,60932.08%2340.40%20,55735.44%58,009
Brazos 34,73373.55%12,34826.15%1400.30%22,38547.40%47,221
Brewster 2,06658.28%1,46241.24%170.48%60417.04%3,545
Briscoe 53852.90%47146.31%80.79%676.59%1,017
Brooks 89624.79%2,70274.76%160.44%-1,806-49.97%3,614
Brown 8,46867.29%4,07032.34%470.37%4,39834.95%12,585
Burleson 3,07654.29%2,57845.50%120.21%4988.79%5,666
Burnet 5,89566.18%2,98333.49%290.33%2,91232.69%8,907
Caldwell 4,31555.81%3,40143.99%160.21%91411.82%7,732
Calhoun 4,43462.99%2,58636.74%190.27%1,84826.25%7,039
Callahan 3,53872.69%1,30526.81%240.49%2,23345.88%4,867
Cameron 29,54552.64%26,39447.03%1870.33%3,1515.61%56,126
Camp 2,23853.69%1,91745.99%130.31%3217.70%4,168
Carson 2,41274.12%82625.38%160.49%1,58648.74%3,254
Cass 6,67756.78%5,05342.97%300.26%1,62413.81%11,760
Castro 2,02666.30%1,00933.02%210.69%1,01733.28%3,056
Chambers 4,32261.84%2,63237.66%350.50%1,69024.18%6,989
Cherokee 8,18764.41%4,49435.36%300.24%3,69329.05%12,711
Childress 1,57463.44%90036.28%70.28%67427.16%2,481
Clay 2,56958.04%1,84441.66%130.29%72516.38%4,426
Cochran 1,11766.13%55732.98%150.89%56033.15%1,689
Coke 1,06066.25%53233.25%80.50%52833.00%1,600
Coleman 2,79066.16%1,42033.67%70.17%1,37032.49%4,217
Collin 61,09581.64%13,60418.18%1390.19%47,49163.46%74,838
Collingsworth 1,39664.96%74234.53%110.51%65430.43%2,149
Colorado 4,52864.95%2,42834.83%150.22%2,10030.12%6,971
Comal 13,45276.07%4,17923.63%520.29%9,27352.44%17,683
Comanche 2,67854.12%2,24845.43%220.44%4308.69%4,948
Concho 82158.31%58041.19%70.50%24117.12%1,408
Cooke 8,26071.43%3,27828.35%260.22%4,98243.08%11,564
Coryell 9,05674.24%3,11325.52%300.25%5,94348.72%12,199
Cottle 50744.09%62354.17%201.74%-116-10.08%1,150
Crane 1,47378.60%39220.92%90.48%1,08157.68%1,874
Crockett 1,09464.96%58934.98%10.06%50529.98%1,684
Crosby 1,37652.94%1,21246.63%110.42%1646.31%2,599
Culberson 50955.51%40744.38%10.11%10211.13%917
Dallam 1,59475.80%49623.59%130.62%1,09852.21%2,103
Dallas 405,44466.41%203,59233.35%1,4600.24%201,85233.06%610,496
Dawson 3,68567.21%1,78132.48%170.31%1,90434.73%5,483
Deaf Smith 4,76275.79%1,48523.64%360.57%3,27752.15%6,283
Delta 1,02451.17%97348.63%40.20%512.54%2,001
Denton 52,86575.74%16,77224.03%1590.23%36,09351.71%69,796
DeWitt 4,40169.95%1,88229.91%90.14%2,51940.04%6,292
Dickens 59445.90%69253.48%80.62%-98-7.58%1,294
Dimmit 1,33834.38%2,54665.42%80.21%-1,208-31.04%3,892
Donley 1,29770.84%52928.89%50.27%76841.95%1,831
Duval 1,20124.22%3,74875.58%100.20%-2,547-51.36%4,959
Eastland 4,84165.52%2,52234.13%260.35%2,31931.39%7,389
Ector 31,22877.41%8,91322.09%2010.50%22,31555.32%40,342
Edwards 62679.64%15920.23%10.13%46759.41%786
Ellis 16,87367.56%8,02932.15%720.29%8,84435.41%24,974
El Paso 66,11455.83%51,91743.84%3990.34%14,19711.99%118,430
Erath 6,12265.16%3,23434.42%390.42%2,88830.74%9,395
Falls 3,13352.34%2,83447.34%190.32%2995.00%5,986
Fannin 4,69251.53%4,39948.31%150.16%2933.22%9,106
Fayette 5,71170.40%2,37929.33%220.27%3,33241.07%8,112
Fisher 96540.94%1,38458.72%80.34%-419-17.78%2,357
Floyd 2,09266.75%1,02332.64%190.61%1,06934.11%3,134
Foard 47251.03%44848.43%50.54%242.60%925
Fort Bend 41,37068.71%18,72931.11%1100.18%22,64137.60%60,209
Franklin 1,83662.28%1,10437.45%80.27%73224.83%2,948
Freestone 3,62459.20%2,48940.66%90.15%1,13518.54%6,122
Frio 2,00342.90%2,65656.89%100.21%-653-13.99%4,669
Gaines 2,71476.82%79722.56%220.62%1,91754.26%3,533
Galveston 40,26252.40%36,09246.97%4820.63%4,1705.43%76,836
Garza 1,21969.66%52129.77%100.57%69839.89%1,750
Gillespie 5,49682.63%1,13717.10%180.27%4,35965.53%6,651
Glasscock 40375.19%12823.88%50.93%27551.31%536
Goliad 1,54064.79%83635.17%10.04%70429.62%2,377
Gonzales 3,96264.19%2,19635.58%140.23%1,76628.61%6,172
Gray 8,95581.50%2,00318.23%300.27%6,95263.27%10,988
Grayson 22,55465.47%11,80334.26%930.27%10,75131.21%34,450
Gregg 29,69773.07%10,70026.33%2460.61%18,99746.74%40,643
Grimes 3,36558.50%2,37041.20%170.30%99517.30%5,752
Guadalupe 14,38273.80%5,06025.96%460.24%9,32247.84%19,488
Hale 7,67070.43%3,20229.40%190.17%4,46841.03%10,891
Hall 1,05851.74%98448.12%30.15%743.62%2,045
Hamilton 2,11865.01%1,13034.68%100.31%98830.33%3,258
Hansford 2,21389.38%25910.46%40.16%1,95478.92%2,476
Hardeman 1,23856.97%92742.66%80.37%31114.31%2,173
Hardin 8,38055.11%6,78244.60%440.29%1,59810.51%15,206
Harris 536,02961.46%334,13538.31%2,0030.23%201,89423.15%872,167
Harrison 12,61861.52%7,77337.90%1180.58%4,84523.62%20,509
Hartley 1,41979.45%35619.93%110.62%1,06359.52%1,786
Haskell 1,70153.98%1,43445.51%160.51%2678.47%3,151
Hays 12,46764.98%6,66334.73%570.30%5,80430.25%19,187
Hemphill 1,65079.83%41319.98%40.19%1,23759.85%2,067
Henderson 12,72563.38%7,30236.37%490.24%5,42327.01%20,076
Hidalgo 35,05944.14%44,14755.58%2260.28%-9,088-11.44%79,432
Hill 5,34460.80%3,42038.91%260.30%1,92421.89%8,790
Hockley 5,46272.39%2,04427.09%390.52%3,41845.30%7,545
Hood 6,81768.71%3,06330.87%410.41%3,75437.84%9,921
Hopkins 5,77260.80%3,70739.05%140.15%2,06521.75%9,493
Houston 4,54257.98%3,27541.80%170.22%1,26716.18%7,834
Howard 7,51964.31%4,11535.20%570.49%3,40429.11%11,691
Hudspeth 55760.35%36239.22%40.43%19521.13%923
Hunt 14,30367.08%6,97132.69%480.23%7,33234.39%21,322
Hutchinson 9,07881.26%2,05218.37%410.37%7,02662.89%11,171
Irion 61975.30%19924.21%40.49%42051.09%822
Jack 1,82565.67%94534.01%90.32%88031.66%2,779
Jackson 3,66166.83%1,80432.93%130.24%1,85733.90%5,478
Jasper 5,96550.64%5,78749.13%270.23%1781.51%11,779
Jeff Davis 51162.70%29936.69%50.61%21226.01%815
Jefferson 45,12445.03%54,84654.73%2450.24%-9,722-9.70%100,215
Jim Hogg 60826.29%1,70373.63%20.09%-1,095-47.34%2,313
Jim Wells 5,89642.99%7,79556.84%240.17%-1,899-13.85%13,715
Johnson 18,25466.44%9,14833.30%720.26%9,10633.14%27,474
Jones 4,01762.93%2,34336.71%230.36%1,67426.22%6,383
Karnes 3,06862.84%1,80236.91%120.25%1,26625.93%4,882
Kaufman 9,34362.55%5,55437.18%410.27%3,78925.37%14,938
Kendall 4,56882.72%93816.99%160.29%3,63065.73%5,522
Kenedy 9646.38%11053.14%10.48%-14-6.76%207
Kent 33256.46%25343.03%30.51%7913.43%588
Kerr 11,82979.00%3,10220.72%430.29%8,72758.28%14,974
Kimble 1,33374.72%44224.78%90.50%89149.94%1,784
King 14172.68%5327.32%00.00%8845.36%194
Kinney 77461.28%48638.48%30.24%28822.80%1,263
Kleberg 5,71253.48%4,92446.10%450.42%7887.38%10,681
Knox 1,02752.61%92147.18%40.20%1065.43%1,952
Lamar 9,27362.57%5,50437.14%430.29%3,76925.43%14,820
Lamb 3,89266.78%1,91932.93%170.29%1,97333.85%5,828
Lampasas 3,28570.60%1,35629.14%120.26%1,92941.46%4,653
La Salle 1,00740.06%1,50459.82%30.12%-497-19.76%2,514
Lavaca 5,05867.15%2,46432.71%100.13%2,59434.44%7,532
Lee 2,96764.05%1,65935.82%60.13%1,30828.23%4,632
Leon 3,20763.66%1,82136.15%100.20%1,38627.51%5,038
Liberty 10,50462.28%6,29237.31%700.42%4,21224.97%16,866
Limestone 4,06355.62%3,22844.19%140.19%83511.43%7,305
Lipscomb 1,46185.54%24114.11%60.35%1,22071.43%1,708
Live Oak 2,48166.00%1,26033.52%180.48%1,22132.48%3,759
Llano 4,04267.89%1,89431.81%180.30%2,14836.08%5,954
Loving 5778.08%1621.92%00.00%4156.16%73
Lubbock 57,15174.98%18,79324.66%2750.36%38,35850.32%76,219
Lynn 1,61761.48%1,00938.37%40.15%60823.11%2,630
McCulloch 2,06058.82%1,43340.92%90.26%62717.90%3,502
McLennan 42,23264.40%23,20635.39%1400.21%19,02629.01%65,578
McMullen 33784.67%6115.33%00.00%27669.34%398
Madison 2,15860.74%1,38438.95%110.31%77421.79%3,553
Marion 2,33652.34%2,11147.30%160.36%2255.04%4,463
Martin 1,21870.00%51229.43%100.57%70640.57%1,740
Mason 1,16867.01%57032.70%50.29%59834.31%1,743
Matagorda 8,45261.72%5,20137.98%410.30%3,25123.74%13,694
Maverick 1,78336.68%3,06363.01%150.31%-1,280-26.33%4,861
Medina 5,73765.17%3,05334.68%130.15%2,68430.49%8,803
Menard 72564.44%39435.02%60.53%33129.42%1,125
Midland 33,70682.13%7,21417.58%1190.29%26,49264.55%41,039
Milam 4,38453.86%3,73445.87%220.27%6507.99%8,140
Mills 1,26264.39%68835.10%100.51%57429.29%1,960
Mitchell 2,00759.79%1,33239.68%180.54%67520.11%3,357
Montague 4,40662.67%2,60237.01%220.31%1,80425.66%7,030
Montgomery 41,23075.39%13,29324.31%1670.31%27,93751.08%54,690
Moore 4,64980.21%1,12919.48%180.31%3,52060.73%5,796
Morris 2,77848.51%2,92551.07%240.42%-147-2.56%5,727
Motley 53365.08%28234.43%40.49%25130.65%819
Nacogdoches 13,06369.44%5,69430.27%550.29%7,36939.17%18,812
Navarro 7,81657.86%5,67241.99%210.16%2,14415.87%13,509
Newton 2,12339.03%3,29660.60%200.37%-1,173-21.57%5,439
Nolan 3,60858.80%2,52441.13%40.07%1,08417.67%6,136
Nueces 54,33353.68%46,72146.16%1590.16%7,6127.52%101,213
Ochiltree 3,49289.15%41910.70%60.15%3,07378.45%3,917
Oldham 76276.97%22622.83%20.20%53654.14%990
Orange 15,38647.63%16,81652.06%1010.31%-1,430-4.43%32,303
Palo Pinto 5,70162.81%3,34936.90%270.30%2,35225.91%9,077
Panola 5,67663.88%3,17935.78%300.34%2,49728.10%8,885
Parker 13,64769.07%6,05030.62%620.31%7,59738.45%19,759
Parmer 2,52481.37%56718.28%110.35%1,95763.09%3,102
Pecos 3,45167.93%1,59631.42%330.65%1,85536.51%5,080
Polk 5,98760.36%3,89839.30%330.33%2,08921.06%9,918
Potter 20,39670.57%8,36528.94%1410.49%12,03141.63%28,902
Presidio 83744.01%99252.16%733.84%-155-8.15%1,902
Rains 1,56060.21%1,02739.64%40.15%53320.57%2,591
Randall 30,24983.08%6,04416.60%1160.32%24,20566.48%36,409
Reagan 1,07981.50%24318.35%20.15%83663.15%1,324
Real 1,00473.34%36026.30%50.37%64447.04%1,369
Red River 2,97954.05%2,51845.68%150.27%4618.37%5,512
Reeves 2,46150.51%2,39649.18%150.31%651.33%4,872
Refugio 2,42160.71%1,55939.09%80.20%86221.62%3,988
Roberts 53983.57%10616.43%00.00%43367.14%645
Robertson 2,66344.27%3,33955.50%140.23%-676-11.23%6,016
Rockwall 6,68880.11%1,63919.63%220.26%5,04960.48%8,349
Runnels 2,96871.06%1,17928.23%300.72%1,78942.83%4,177
Rusk 11,08170.40%4,59929.22%610.39%6,48241.18%15,741
Sabine 2,04551.21%1,94048.59%80.20%1052.62%3,993
San Augustine 1,93754.89%1,58344.86%90.26%35410.03%3,529
San Jacinto 3,17456.09%2,46643.58%190.34%70812.51%5,659
San Patricio 11,07455.48%8,83844.27%500.25%2,23611.21%19,962
San Saba 1,56659.16%1,07040.42%110.42%49618.74%2,647
Schleicher 85471.95%32627.46%70.59%52844.49%1,187
Scurry 5,02875.85%1,56423.59%370.56%3,46452.26%6,629
Shackelford 1,18173.63%41525.87%80.50%76647.76%1,604
Shelby 4,86357.21%3,61042.47%280.33%1,25314.74%8,501
Sherman 1,26983.27%24616.14%90.59%1,02367.13%1,524
Smith 40,74072.60%15,22727.13%1520.27%25,51345.47%56,119
Somervell 1,42269.00%63530.81%40.19%78738.19%2,061
Starr 1,65824.70%5,04775.18%80.12%-3,389-50.48%6,713
Stephens 2,89873.27%1,04626.45%110.28%1,85246.82%3,955
Sterling 57781.27%12918.17%40.56%44863.10%710
Stonewall 59948.15%64351.69%20.16%-44-3.54%1,244
Sutton 1,25172.69%46527.02%50.29%78645.67%1,721
Swisher 1,61149.40%1,64250.35%80.25%-31-0.95%3,261
Tarrant 248,05067.25%120,14732.57%6650.18%127,90334.68%368,862
Taylor 34,44477.92%9,62821.78%1300.29%24,81656.14%44,202
Terrell 40758.31%28941.40%20.29%11816.91%698
Terry 3,18167.34%1,53532.49%80.17%1,64634.85%4,724
Throckmorton 58659.86%38839.63%50.51%19820.23%979
Titus 5,06958.08%3,63141.61%270.31%1,43816.47%8,727
Tom Green 23,84772.46%8,98127.29%820.25%14,86645.17%32,910
Travis 124,94456.84%94,12442.82%7450.34%30,82014.02%219,813
Trinity 2,59954.89%2,11544.67%210.44%48410.22%4,735
Tyler 3,63853.62%3,11945.97%280.41%5197.65%6,785
Upshur 7,32561.16%4,61438.53%370.31%2,71122.63%11,976
Upton 1,60380.39%38019.06%110.55%1,22361.33%1,994
Uvalde 4,79065.73%2,48234.06%150.21%2,30831.67%7,287
Val Verde 5,90960.38%3,85739.41%210.21%2,05220.97%9,787
Van Zandt 8,47465.17%4,50634.65%230.18%3,96830.52%13,003
Victoria 18,78772.41%7,03727.12%1210.47%11,75045.29%25,945
Walker 8,80967.24%4,26332.54%280.21%4,54634.70%13,100
Waller 4,11651.69%3,82848.07%190.24%2883.62%7,963
Ward 3,47474.03%1,18825.31%310.66%2,28648.72%4,693
Washington 6,50672.32%2,48327.60%70.08%4,02344.72%8,996
Webb 8,58240.99%12,30858.79%460.22%-3,726-17.80%20,936
Wharton 8,49562.54%5,07237.34%170.13%3,42325.20%13,584
Wheeler 2,25173.51%80526.29%60.20%1,44647.22%3,062
Wichita 28,93264.18%16,00935.51%1390.31%12,92328.67%45,080
Wilbarger 3,64464.23%2,01135.45%180.32%1,63328.78%5,673
Willacy 2,34043.41%3,03756.33%140.26%-697-12.92%5,391
Williamson 25,77472.03%9,91127.70%990.28%15,86344.33%35,784
Wilson 4,58861.72%2,82938.05%170.23%1,75923.67%7,434
Winkler 2,21374.41%75225.29%90.30%1,46149.12%2,974
Wise 6,95864.11%3,85635.53%390.36%3,10228.58%10,853
Wood 7,14467.32%3,44932.50%190.18%3,69534.82%10,612
Yoakum 2,20482.61%45617.09%80.30%1,74865.52%2,668
Young 5,28270.40%2,20329.36%180.24%3,07941.04%7,503
Zapata 1,21443.34%1,57756.30%100.36%-363-12.96%2,801
Zavala 92423.89%2,93775.93%70.18%-2,013-52.04%3,868
Totals3,433,42863.61%1,949,27636.11%14,8670.28%1,484,15227.50%5,397,571

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

Reagan delivering his acceptance speech at the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas. Photograph of President Reagan giving his Acceptance Speech at the Republican National Convention, Dallas, TX - NARA - 198554.tif
Reagan delivering his acceptance speech at the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas.
The Democratic ticket of Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro campaigns in Austin, Texas Mondale 2 (51126584703) (1).jpg
The Democratic ticket of Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro campaigns in Austin, Texas

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References

  1. "Turnout and Voter Registration Figures (1970-current)".
  2. Sentinel, Walter Manley II, Special to The. "NATION'S FATE RESTS WITH 7 STATES THE VOTE OF THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE IS THE ONLY ONE THAT COUNTS". OrlandoSentinel.com. Retrieved January 17, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
  4. Black & Black 1992, p. 295.
  5. Black & Black 1992, p. 335.

Works cited